Karl Marx s View On The Labor Value Of Theory - 883 Words

Karl Marx was a German â€Å"economist and political scientist† who viewed capitalism â€Å"from a more pessimistic and revolutionary viewpoint† (Gorman, 2003). Karl Marx believed â€Å"that the basic determining factor of human history [was] Economics† (Famous101.com, 2011). Marx argued that the people within the classes were bound to remain â€Å"because of the very nature of capitalism† (Prabhat, 2012). Instead, Marx believed â€Å"†¦that the value of a good or service is dependent upon the labor used†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to produce it (Investopedia, 2014). What did Karl Marx hope to accomplish by publishing his view on the Labor Value of Theory? Karl Marx lived from 1818 to 1883 and published his most famous work, The Communist Manifesto, in 1848. His father was a lawyer â€Å"who came from a long line of Rabbis† but eventually became a protestant â€Å"to keep his job†. Marx began studying Hegelianism at the University of Berlin when he was 18 years old. During that time, Marx questioned the â€Å"†¦abstract thought of philosophy† and instead believed in the â€Å"†¦ material base of economics†. This was, of course, in stark contrast to Hegel’s â€Å"†¦philosophy of law.† Marx saw society â€Å"†¦as a sphere to be studied in order to understand the historical development of humankind† (European, 2012). During the time of the publishing of his Communist Manifesto, there was a major unemployment crisis underway due to the advancements of the industrial revolution. In New England, factories started to boom and suddenly worker’s conditionsShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Great Philosopher Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia in 1818 to a Jewish family, but despite his baptism at age 6, he later became an atheist. Marx attended University of Bonn, but due to his imprisonment for drunkenness and variances with another student, he was enrolled in the University of Berlin by his parents. Marx earned his degree in philosophy and began writing for Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper. He later became their editor. Marx was a member of Young Hegelian movement which was groupRead MoreDivision of Labor1397 Words   |  6 PagesDivision of Labor Introduction: The phrase â€Å"division of labor† has many different definitions that can be used in different contexts. The Encyclopedia of Sociology helps explore the many different ways division of labor can be defined, and recognizes that all major sociologists considered this topic to be fundamental in understanding modern society, and how it has came to be. (Borgatta Montgomery and Rhonda 2000). Some of these classical sociological thinkers expressed their own ideas of divisionRead MoreSmith vs. Marx - a Comparison Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesSmith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison S. Glen Balanoff July 04, 2004 Smith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison Modern economic society can be described as a combination of certain points from several theories combined into one. Changing dynamics and economic needs of nations has spawned a development of various, and contrasting, economic systems throughout the world. Perhaps the two most contrasting philosophies seen in existence today are that of capitalism and communism. The two philosophers most notablyRead MoreWhy Marx s Social Theory Place So Much Emphasis On Class Conflict And The Economic Aspects Of Society? Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes Marx s social theory place so much emphasis on class conflict and the economic aspects of society? Karl Marx is one of the most influential and revolutionary philosopher, economist and sociologist of the 19th century. His thoughts not only shaped our understandings of the capitalistic world but also created a new system of social organization, communism. His ideology also defined the key political figures of the cold war period such as Stalin, Mao and Castro. Without Marx, theRead MoreKarl Marx : A German Influential Philosopher And One Of The Intellectual Fathers Of Communism1477 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is known to be a German influential philosopher and one of the intellectual fathers of communism, writing when the industrial revolution and imperialism period was changing the nature of both the economies of individual nations and the global economy itself. He eradicated his view on the effects these changes had on individual workers and society. This introduced many of his theories, one of which was the idea of alienated labor. Alienated labor was written i n 1844, Marx sets the view thatRead MoreKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim And Max Webers Influence On Religion1727 Words   |  7 PagesThree theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, are undoubtedly the fathers of modern sociology. â€Å"Nineteenth century Western Europe was pounded by pivotal forces of transformation. Politics, education, religion, communication science, art, and social life were being revolutionized.† (Mohseni 1994;85) Each with distinct views on society and religion, these sociologists are and their theories are significant especially in the field of society. Just as much as they play a major role in theRead MoreGlobalization Has Transformed Our Economic Lives1609 Words   |  7 PagesSociology has looked at the way people interact with one another in groups, cultures, societies and organizations. An emerging topic in sociology that takes in a bigger and more worldly view is globalization. Globalization is defined as taking into account the way the wo rld becomes more connected with itself through cultural, transportation and communication means. These international connections came before the time of capitalism and colonization itself. Long since then, countries have traded withRead MoreMarx, Weber And Durkheim s Views On The Social1385 Words   |  6 Pagesaddress three core sociology theorists; Marx, Weber and Durkheim, they all had different opinions about how society functioned through the different types of relationships. Each theorists had a different perspective about â€Å"the social† and how that perspective presented it through society. Marx’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on production relations and how the classes interacted with one another through that type of relationship (Marx 1844). Weber’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on meaningfulRead MoreKarl Marx History of Economic Thought1454 Words   |  6 Pages10-992-204 Professor Allgoewer Karl Marx: â€Å"A context for inevitable social revolution† Of particular interest in Rima’s summary and critique of Marx’s background and social/economic contributions is the quote: â€Å"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness.† Karl Marx, in reference to modes of production, which refers to the socialRead MoreMarx, Max Weber And Emile Durkheim948 Words   |  4 PagesIn assessment of sociological theory it is imperative to our understanding of social theory that we analyze the ideologies of some prominent theorists such as Karl Marx, Max Weber and Émile Durkheim. Karl Marx’s philosophical ideals on society and class division are impactful in shaping our understanding of society. Inequality and social division is at the heart of Marx’s theory of society. Marx’s theorized that society is the history of class struggles. To him the fundamentally factor determining

Desire of the Fourteenth Century Women - 876 Words

Desire of the Fourteenth Century Women Is not what we desire, the most hard to get? It has always been this way. Unfortunately, women’s rights and abilities have been underestimated over the centuries. In the fourteenth century, the status and condition of a European woman depended on her husband’s position. Women had to endure arranged marriages, abuse and male dominance. During that time, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales and taught us about one extraordinary woman whose name is Dame Alisoun. Alisoun is called The Wife of Bath, and she defines what women desired most in fourteenth-century England. She believes that women wish for power over their husbands, and I personally agree with her opinion.†¦show more content†¦As help me God, whan that I saw him go. After the beere, me thoughte he hadde a paire of legges and of feet so clene and faire. That al myn herte I yaf unto his hold† (line 601). Alisoun learns quicky about men’s weak sides and chooses her tactics depending on the situation. In her Prologue, the Wife of Bath points out that there are no women writers and that only men write. Everything described in Janekin’s book is written from the men’s point of view, and here Alisoun uses a painting as an analogy: â€Å"Who painted the leon, tel me who? By God, if wommen hadden writen stories, As clerkes han wihin hir oratories, They wolde han writen of men more wikkednesse, Than al the merk of Adam may redresse (line 695). If women got a chance to write, they would write good things about themselves. The Wife of Bath explains that actually women are unable to present theirs ideas because in the fourteenth century, women were not necessarily literate. Alisoun probably cannot read herself. Only men can write about women, and Alisoun does not agree with what they say. The Wife of Bath breaks the rule and norms for the fourteenth-century woman. She mentions God often, and she explains that true nobility comes from him: â€Å"For gentilesse cometh fro God allone† (line 1168). Here she mentions that class or social status does not matter, and that true nobility comes from God. Even though Alisoun has anShow MoreRelatedWomen And Male Authority Figures1507 Words   |  7 Pages In the fourteenth century, women were merely seen as subject to male authority figures. A wife was not seen as a competent adult because they were seen as so dependent on their husband (Bennett 104-105). After a marriage anything she owned became possessed by her husband (Bennett 104-105). Women who manipulated their husband and gained control of his assets defied the norm of women’s position in the fourteenth century. The church was a major part of Medieval England and controlled many peoples livesRead MoreChaucer s The Man Of Law s Tale1269 Words   |  6 Pagesscholars argues the language of rape- raptus, ravysement, and rape, was so ambiguous in the fourteenth century that it could mean either forced coitus or abduction, often for the purpose of marriage (Cannon). The latter’s theory of Chaucer’s pardon of a rape charge is extremely useful because it sheds light on the difficult problem of the effectiveness of English the justice system during the fourteent h century. During the 1380s, the same decade when Chaucer likely wrote the Wife of Bath‘s Tale, EnglandRead MoreThe Adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century864 Words   |  4 PagesDonald Hitchcock REL 316 â€Å"The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century† Translation: Ross E. Dunn Ibn Batutta was a self-proclaimed scholar of the fourteenth century who traveled extensively throughout sub-Saharan Africa under the banner of Islam, and wrote of his travels in an autobiographical book entitled ‘The Travels of Ibn Battuta’. The financing for his ventures was derived from Muslim rulers inhabiting the cities he visited. His text regarding theRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an anonymous author, are both sophisticated fourteenth-century examples of medieval romance. Medieval romances captured the heart of their audiences as narratives and stories that featured a protagonist, often a knight, and dealt with religious allegories, chivalry, courtly love, and heroic epics. The concept of the knight emerged from the remnants of the Anglo-saxon literature and ideals and influe nce of theRead More Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Although The Canterbury Tales was probably written in the late fourteenth century, many of the pilgrims of The Canterbury Tales seem real and true to life even today. One of the most memorable pilgrims of The Canterbury Tales, as well as one of the most memorable women in literature, is the Wife of Bath. The lusty and domineering Wife of Bath seems more like a woman of the twentieth century than a woman of the fourteenth century (Norton 80). In The General Prologue, Chaucer describes the WifeRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath, By William Shakespeare1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Wife of Bath tale, was a turnaround for women and how they are viewed in society and in tales. It took a women’s prologue and a tale about a wife that created a different look for women and a different role that they could play besides a hopeless character. Even though it wasn’t normal for a woman to have dominance in society let alone a tale. The article even explained how the women went through by being widow. This prologue and tale showed us how women were able to change that and do so. In bothRead MoreEssay on The Wife of Bath1031 Words   |  5 PagesCanterbury Tales, as well as one of the most memorable women in literature, is the Wife of Bath. She is a lusty and domineering woman who is proud of and outspoken about her sexuality and believes that a woman should have sovereignty in a marriage (Norton 80). She is also extremely blunt and outspoken about her ideas and beliefs. Despite being a woman of the fourteenth century, her ideas, beliefs, and behavior are more like those of the twentieth century. For these reasons, she seems true to life evenRead MoreThe Catholic Church s Stance On Peaceful Conversion1587 Words   |  7 PagesConversion to Christianity in Medieval Iberia invoked ambivalent feelings among Christians at the time. Christians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries intended to convert Jews and Muslims through kind words and religious teachings from the Bible. This idea of peaceful conversion, nevertheless, evolved and Christians began converting non-believers through violence and compulsion. Also, even after individuals were converted, Christians did not always fully trust their motivations, and believedRead More The Contradiction of Chivalry and Courtly Love Essays899 Words   |  4 Pagesthat of courtly love. The ideal of each clash throughout the medieval tales, and it is impossible to interfuse the two models for society. Chivalry is a masculine code, an aggressive discipline, whereas courtly love is based upon women - their needs, wants, and desires. The consistent problem if Lancelot and Guinevere’s adulterous relationship in different tellings of the affair relates back to the differences presented in chivalric code and courtly love ideals. The chivalric code speaks of braveRead More The Plague - The Black Death Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pages1346-1352. Those who survived lived in constant fear of the plagues return and it did not disappear until the 1600s. Not only were the effects devastating at the time of infection, but during the aftermath as well. The Black Death of the fourteenth century dramatically altered Europes social and economic structure. The plague was spread by fleas, which were not effected by the disease. Fleas first infected the rats, which lived off garbage and sewage. The rats then spread the infection

International Trade and Enterprise World Trade Organization

Question: Describe about the International Trade and Enterprise for World Trade Organization. Answer: Introduction World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates the international trade. It is the only global international organization which deals with rules and regulations of trade between nations. It officially commenced on January 1st, 1995 by replacing the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). The basic objective of WTO is to improve the living standard of the people of its member countries, as well as, to provide full employment to the people of member countries, in addition to increasing the trading of goods and services (Marceau, 2010). It also aims at ensuring that the developing countries, secure the maximum benefits from expansion of the international trade. WTOs major policy relates to the trade review policy. The main objective of trade review policy is to increase trade transparency among the member countries, as well as, to have a better understanding of trade policies and practices of member countries. Though, WTO has helped poor countries members, but its aim of trade liberalization policy to generate wealth from export, and to make payments for import does very little help for the developing countries. Thus, in this report we will not only cover about the WTO, its structure, its objectives, policies, and functions, but will also highlight the reasons about countries, which do or do not, get benefited from the WTO. World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization which deals with the trade of goods, services, and intellectual property amongst its member countries. It came into existence on January 1st, 1995 after replacing the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) (Bernhardt, 2014). WTO presently has around 153 members, which together account for the majority of the trade across the globe. WTOs major focus is on regulating the trade practices and to lower the trade barriers for effective working of international trade (Bagwell, Bown and Staiger, 2015). The Doha agreement focuses on these trade practices (DiMatteo, et al. 2003). The main aim of this agreement is to achieve reforms in the international trading system, through lowering of the trade barriers, as well as, by revising the trade practices. Briefly describing about WTO meetings, its decision making body is the ministerial conference, which meets at least once in every two year. Beneath it is the General Council which meets for a number of times throughout a year. General Council also acts as the dispute settlement body and meets as the trade policy review body. This meeting is held at the headquarters of WTO, at Geneva. Objectives of WTO The objectives of the WTO include the following: To implement the world trade as determined in the agreement, To promote such world trade which benefits every member country, To ensure that the developing member countries, secure the maximum benefits from expansion of the international trade, To enhance the trade of goods and services, To demolish all hurdles to an open world trade system, and to ensure the renewal of the economic policies by countries, in order to foster economic growth, as trade contributes towards a major portion of the economic growth, To enhance the competitiveness amongst its trading partners, so as to benefit the consumers, To ensure full employment to all the people of its member countries, by promoting increase of production along with productivity, To ensure optimum utilization of world resources, promote sustainable development and to protect the environment. Policies of WTO There are a number of policies of WTO. The first policy relates to the assistance, development, and transition of the economies. This policy is designed to give support and to help the developing countries, as well as, the least developed countries with their trade and tariff data to help them in export. The second policy relates to the specialized help for exporting. This policy is made to provide specialized help to the developing countries, with respect to the formulation and implementation of the export and import operations. The third policy relates to the cooperation in global economic policy making. This policy is to provide cooperation to the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and other organizations, in making economic policies. The fourth policy relates to the routine notifications. Members of WTO are required to notify while taking relevant steps. This is to ensure that whether members are following the rules and regulations made by the organizations. However, WT O has provided a lot of help to its member countries but there are cases where it has flawed in benefiting its members, especially those in the developing countries. The most important policy of WTO is the Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) (Sol, 2007). Besides having regulations on the trading of the goods and the services, the WTO has also focused on trade related aspects, of intellectual property rights. TRIPS agreement set out the minimum standards of protection to be provided by each of the member country. The agreement specifies the areas where protection is required, the subject matter which has to be protected, the rights have to be protected and the duration for protection also has to be clearly defined, along with the exceptional permission relating to those rights have to be mentioned. Further, TRIPS enforcement requires the member countries to make certain domestic procedure and remedies for the effective enforcement of intellectual property rights. It further specifies the details about the procedures and remedies available, so that the right holders can enforce their rights. Any dispute with regards to TRIPS is resolved by the WTO dispute resolution panel. TRIPS promised meaningful implementation of the intellectual property rights, which require extensive domestic changes in the legal, as well as, the judicial system. It is understood that this is a difficult task and so the WTO gives an additional time to the least developed along with the developing countries, an additional time to implement the treaty. However, with the passage of time, the implementation of this policy seems to be more costly. Thus, implementation of TRIPS became a problematic task for the developing countries (Helfer, 2004). Whether Developing Countries Benefit from the Policies of WTO? India Briefing firstly about the developing country India, this country has benefited from the various WTO agreements, to a certain extent. Certain benefits like increase in the foreign exchange earnings due to growth in the export of both the goods, as well as, the services. With regard to the increase in the export of goods, like agricultural goods, the major reason was the reduction of the trade barriers at the international level, which resulted in the increase of the requirement of the agriculture product at the international level (Thakur, 2007). Further, goods like textile and clothing contributed to an increase in the foreign exchange, by removal of the multi fiber arrangement (MFA) (Stern, and Mattoo, 2003). Further, as per WTO- Trade related Investment Measures (TRIMS), which provides for the withdrawal of restrictions on the foreign direct investments. This has helped India in increasing its foreign trade investments. Further, multi lateral trade and discipline, has helped India in achieving the global economic growth. Thus, it can be said that the WTO benefited India as a result of its various policies because of which, India was able to become a strong economy, globally, which was the objective of the WTO (helping the developing countries to foster maximum economic benefits from international trade). Thus, it can be said that India is a winner country with respect to the WTO policies (Sheshagiri, Honkan, and Vaikhunthe, 2011). Kenya Another example of country benefiting from WTO policies is Kenya. A remarkable development in trade policy formulation in Kenya relates to the emergence of the various civil society groups. In most cases, they include the poor and these groups represent the poor, regarding issues in the WTO. These groups then ensure the implementation along with the monitoring of the WTO policies in the country. Further, Kenya largely participates in the WTO for the issues relating to agriculture (Odek, 2002). Kenyas economy revolves around the agriculture. Recent report covered that Kenyas real GDP has declined, though its foreign trade has increased. But the report further stated that the country had failed to earn huge foreign currency exchanges, because Kenyas major imports includes the goods like machinery, equipments and oil products which creates an imbalance in the foreign currency flow, along with more of the foreign exchange flowing outside the country, compared to amount of foreign currency inflow in the country (WTO, 2000). Thus, it can be said that Kenya is hardly in the winning situation. Moreover, it is more towards the losing situation, as even after becoming the member in all of the WTO policies, for instance TRIPS and the Agreement on agriculture, Kenya is still dealing with a large number of unemployment. A country where poor population was quite high before joining the WTO, even after representing the issues related to the poor, in WTO meetings, no real difference has b een made in this regard. Thus, Kenya is a loser in this case. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is again a developing country. The countrys trade policies as well as its practices are in form of an open market regarding the manufactured imports, which has lead to privatization. Foreign direct investment has been welcomed in the country, which has helped in the development of the clothing and the tourism industry. Like all other members of the WTO, Sri Lanka is also bounded by all the tariff barriers, on its agriculture products. However, with all the reforms regarding the trade being implemented, Sri Lankas growth of export has been comparatively slower than its import (WTO, 2016). Again, like Kenya, Sri Lanka was also not benefited much from the WTO policies. South Africa The landmark reform of the WTO, which benefited South Africa, is the Anti-Dumping regime. South Africa, by adopting the anti-dumping regime policy of the WTO, in its domestic antidumping policy, proved to the other nations regarding the successful application of the WTO policies, in order to ensure that its domestic policies meet the international policy criteria (Bown and McCulloch, 2010). After, transformation of South African Government to the Democratic Government, it opened its economy to the world, to become a more competitive economy, and to participate in world economy. South Africa became a party of all the WTO agreements, including the agreement on anti-dumping. Anti-dumping are the measures to protect the domestic industry, from the import of goods at prices lower than its nominal value (Bown, 2008). Due to extensive tariff liberalization, South African export had increased significantly, but the export goods remained limited. South Africa trade agreement included the SACU, which contains the membership of South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland. It focuses on the regional industrial development, the trade facilitation, and the revenue sharing. Further, its open economy was appreciated, as it allowed foreign direct investment in the country. However, the only concern raised was that the South African economy was opened way too much, for an economy (Minter, 2001). But in end, things turned in the favor of South Africa, as the committee of WTO considered South Africa, as a country playing major role amongst all the other developing countries. Thus, another positive conclusion was arisen, which was unlike the cases of Kenya and Sri Lanka, as South Africa was benefited from the WTO policies. So, South Africa was a winner country, amongst the members of the WTO. Whether the Developed Countries Benefit from the Policies of WTO? The discussions, till now were regarding the developing countries. Now, a discussion has been made regarding whether the policies of the WTO have benefited the developed nations like Australia, and United States. Australia While discussing about the policies of WTO associated with Australia, the discussion has been made on the common grounds of the developing nations, pertaining to the agriculture trade policies of WTO. Australian government is continuously working towards the global agriculture trade, and to provide a wider market for the Australian agriculture exporters. Australia has reduced its tariff and other protections on the agriculture and the food products (Parliament of Australia, 2016). This provide a competitive, as well as, a productive agriculture sector, with an assurance that Australian farmers can provide high quality product, without any financial support, and trade distorting practices, as are followed by some countries. By implementing this policy, Australia became one of the worlds most efficient agriculture producers. The intellectual property policy also needs to be discussed when discussing about the WTO policies. Australia, being a leading trading nation, with strong research tradition, and with needs to access to the new technologies, has agreed to the policy regarding the intellectual property rights. Australia implemented these policies in its work, to ensure effective implementation of WTOs agreement (WTO, 2015). Thus, whether it is an agreement regarding the intellectual property rights (TRIPS) or the agreement regarding agriculture, Australia has only benefited from it, at any given point of time. g a, discussiculture producer. ucer. anylture firstly.out australia sion was benefited from WTO policies. It is a winner country. United States The United States was one of the leading forces which led to the establishment of the WTO in 1995. The agreements relating to the reduction in trade barriers, across the globe, allowed the farmers, businessmen, as well as, the working people of the United States in creation of new opportunities, new jobs and in raising the standard of living of the families. The thriving economy of the United States is a result of the trade gains which the country achieved, as a result of the WTO Agreements, as well as, some other trade policies. As per the studies conducted, the result of a complete implementation of the agreements of the WTO would be a boost in the GDP of the United States by $125-250 billion per year, and this was the case of 1998. So, the benefits have just grown for the country (IATO, 2016). The policy of the United States is focused towards the multilateral reforms regarding the agricultural policy, in accordance to the policies of the WTO. These policies of the WTOO act as the key opportunity for the country to achieve profits in the share of market. The countrys support for the reforms related to trade, within the WTO, relate to the changes in the farm programs of the country, which is expected to be beneficial for the country, in the coming years. The country has also entered into trade agreements with the Republic of Korea, Panama, and Colombia, in 2012, which includes the new IP standards for these countries, along with the new consultative mechanisms, amongst these countries and the US (WTO, 2014). So, being the leading force in the establishment of WTO has majorly benefitted the country. Further the implementation of the various policies of the WTO, have made the United States, a winner in comparison to the other nations. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the WTO is a universal body, which helps its member countries, in growing and developing. This is done by the implementation of the various policies of the WTO, which cover the objectives of the WTO. Though, even after implementation of these policies, there has been a disparity in the success of these policies. As analyzed above, some of the countries have benefitted from these policies, while the others have proved as a loser in this segment. Though, the developed nations have only benefitted from these policies and the disparities in the success of these policies, is only present in the case of the developing countries. So, it can be right concluded that each nation has a different response to the success of the WTO policies. References Bagwell, K., Bown, C.P., and Staiger, R.W. (2015) Is the WTO pass?. Journal of Economic Literature. Bernhardt, T. (2014) North-South Imbalances in the International Trade Regime: Why the WTO Does Not Benefit Developing Countries as Much as it could. Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(1), pp 123-137. Bown, C.P. (2008) The WTO And Antidumping In Developing Countries. Economics Politics, 20(2). Bown, C.P., and McCulloch, R. (2010) Developing countries, dispute settlement, and the Advisory Centre on WTO Law. The Journal of International Trade Economic Development, 19(1), pp 33-63. DiMatteo, L.A., et al. (2003) The Doha Declaration and Beyond: Giving a Voice to Non-Trade Concerns within the WTO Trade Regime. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 36(1). Helfer, L.R. (2004) Regime Shifting: The TRIPs Agreement and New Dynamics of International Intellectual Property Lawmaking. The Yale Journal of International Law, 29(1). IATO. (2016) America and the World Trade Organization. [Online] IATO. Available from: https://www.iatp.org/files/America_and_the_World_Trade_Organization.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16] Marceau, G. (2010) The WTO in the Emerging Energy Governance Debate. Global Trade and Customs Journal, 5(3), pp 83-93. Minter, W. (2001) Africa and the World Trade Organization: The Issues in Brief. [Online] Foreign Policy in Focus. Available from: https://fpif.org/africa_and_the_world_trade_organization_the_issues_in_brief/ [Accessed on 07/10/16] Odek, O. (2002) The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements: Their Impact on Kenya. New Delhi: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Parliament of Australia. (2016) Australias Relationship with the World Trade Organisation (WTO). [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=jsct/wto/sub311.pdf [Accessed on 07/10/16] Sheshagiri, B., Honkan, G.G., and Vaikhunthe, L.D. (2011) Impact of W.T.O on Indian Agriculture: Performance and Prospects. International Journal of Current Research, 3(10), pp.066-070. Sol, P. (2007) The WTO as a Node of Global Governance: Economic Regulation and Human Rights Discourses. Law. Social Justice and Global Development Journal. Stern, R., and Mattoo, A. (2003) India and the WTO. Washington DC: World Bank. Thakur, A.K. (2007) WTO and India. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications WTO. (2000) Kenya: January 2000. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp124_e.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16] WTO. (2014) Trade Policy Review: United States. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s307_e.pdf [Accessed on 07/10/16] WTO. (2015) Trade Policy Review: Australia. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp412_e.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16] WTO. (2016) Sri Lanka ratifies Trade Facilitation Agreement. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news16_e/fac_31may16_e.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16]

The Urban Underclass Challenging THe Myths ABout Essay Example For Students

The Urban Underclass: Challenging THe Myths ABout Essay Americas Urban PoorPaul Peterson and Christopher Jencks, co editors of The UrbanUnderclass, and William Julius Wilson, a contributor to the book, willconduct a public symposium from 2 to 4 p.m. Tuesday, April 16, in theBrookings auditorium. Discussants will include James Johnson of UCLA,Charles Murray of the American Enterprise Institute and Isabel Sawhill ofthe Urban Institute. The conference is open to press and other interestedparties. If you plan to attend, please call 202/797 6105. ____________________________________________________________________________FOR RELEASE: April 16, 1991CONTACT: Paul Peterson, 617/495 8312 or Christopher Jencks, 708/491 8724 orLisa Pullen, Assistant Public Affairs Director, 202/797 6105 PalatinoConventional wisdom asserts that the United States is witnessing asignificant expansion of its urban underclass, that chronically poorpercentage of the population inhabiting Americas central cities. Among the trends cited: An inevitable rise in the percentage of teenagers who are unmarried mothers, exploding welfare rolls, and legions ofhigh school dropouts consigned forever to joblessness. Yet none of theseperceptions is true, according to a new Brookings book, The UrbanUnderclass. Edited by Christopher Jencks of Northwestern University andPaul E. Peterson of Harvard, this set of essays attempts to separate thetruth about poverty, social dislocation and changes in American family lifefrom the myths that have become part of contemporary folklore. We will write a custom essay on The Urban Underclass: Challenging THe Myths ABout specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now According to a number of indicators the underclass is shrinking, writesPeterson in his introductory essay. A higher percentage of the minoritypopulation is receiving high school diplomas, a smaller percentage ofteenagers is having babies out of wedlock, both blacks and whites areexperiencing fewer crimes committed against them, and the use of drugs isdeclining. Perhaps it is not so much that the situation is deterioratingas that Americans social expectations are rising. The editors find that the most troublesome aspect of poverty, the rise inthe percentage of children living in poverty, is due to the rise in femaleheaded households and the decline in the earnings of young men. The UnitedStates has more children living in poverty than seven other industrializednations used for comparison. In 1987, University of Chicago sociologistWilliam Julius Wilson book, The Truly Disadvantaged presented systematicevidence of a growing concentration of the minority poor in large cities,economically and socially isolated from mainstream society. The Urban Underclass brings together 19 essays by sociologists,economists, political scientists, and policy analysts in a test of Wilsonstheories, as well as those in other recent works, including Charles Murray1984 book entitled Losing Ground. In his essay, editor Jencks shows thatpoverty rates declined from 1959 to 1974, but then progress stopped. Poverty has not become increasingly confined to blacks blacks constituted31% of the poor in 1988, the same percentage as in 1967. Black poverty has,however, become more urban, making it more visible to opinion leaders,Jencks writes. A Different Kind of Underclass Jencks finds that poverty hasnot increased, but has simply changed. The proportion of individuals withfamily incomes below the poverty line, which had fallen steadily from 1940to 1970, has not changed much since 1970, Jencks writes. Only the characterof poverty has changed. It has become less common among the elderly andmore common among children. Poverty has also become more concentratedamong families in which the head does not work regularly. He argues thatwhile some problems plaguing the poor male joblessness and increasingnumbers of single parent families have gotten worse, others such as welfaredependency and teen age pregnancy have gotten better. Jencks finds thatblacks, often seen as making up the underclass, constitu ted 45% of allwelfare recipients in 1969. By 1987, the percentage had fallen to 40%. .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .postImageUrl , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:hover , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:visited , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:active { border:0!important; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:active , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Crucible: belonging ; exclusion (the other) EssayWhat has changed, Jencks writes, are the reasons for being poor. In 1968,74% of the poor had what Americans consider socially acceptable reasons oldage, physical disability, school enrollment and low hourly wages for beingimpoverished. This figure dropped to 54% in 1987, thus diminishing publicsympathy for the poor, he argues. The essays acknowledge the impact ofrecent changes in American society, particularly the increase in femaleheaded households during the past 20 years. The trend leaves too manychildren with impaired financial support, inadequate adult supervision andinstruction, compromised security, fewer alternat ives for establishingintergenerational relationships and fewer adult role models, writesPeterson. Additional essays in The Urban Underclass examine a wide range of issuesconcerning the poor, including the impact of economic change, theimportance of labor market conditions and patterns of segregation inresidential areas. Solving The Poverty ParadoxThe main issue, argues The Urban Underclass, is not so much a growth inthe size of the underclass as its persistence decades after PresidentJohnson launched the War on Poverty in 1964. The book suggests thatgreater efforts are needed to address the poverty paradox the persistenceof poverty in the most affluent society in the world. Peterson suggeststhat solutions to the problem of the underclass lie in a more integrated,comprehensive national welfare policy. Theda Skocpol of Harvard advocates universal family security programsincluding child support assurance, parental leave and health benefits thatwould apply to all groups and be paid for by the entire population. Robert Greenstein of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities calls fora mix of programs, ranging from universal health care to increased fundingfor targeted programs such as Head Start. Wilson concludes the book by elaborating on and extending his theories ofghetto poverty. He argues that solutions should place emphasis on raceneutral programs that would not only address the plight of thedisadvantaged among minorities, but would apply to all groups in America. The real challenge is to develop programs that not only meaningfullyaddress the problems of the underclass but that draw broad support, Wilsonwrites. Other contributors to the book include Richard B. Freeman; Paul Osterman;Marta Tienda and Haya Stier; Greg J. Duncan and Saul D. Hoffman; Robert D. Mare and Christopher Winship; Joleen Kirschenman and Kathryn M. Neckerman;Paul A. Jargowsky and Mary Jo Bane; Reynolds Farley; Jonathan Crane; SusanE. Mayer; James E. Rosenbaum and Susan J. Popkin; Jeffrey M. Berry, Kent E. Portney, and Ken Thompson; J. David Greenstone; Theda Skocpol; and RobertGreenstein. These essays were initially presented at a conference held at NorthwesternUniversity in October, 1989, that was sponsored by the Social ScienceResearch Council Committee For Research on the Urban Underclass, under agrant from the Rockefeller Foundation, and by Northwestern UniversityCenter For Urban Affairs and Policy Research. Christopher Jencks isprofessor of sociology and urban affairs at Northwestern University. Hisbooks include Who Gets Ahead (1979) Inequality (1972), and The AcademicRevolution (1967). Paul E. Peterson, former director of the GovernmentalStudies Program at Brookings, is the Henry Lee Shattuck Professor ofGovernment at Harvard University. Among his other Brookings publicationsare Welfare Magnets: A New Case for a National Standard (1990), Can theGovernment Govern? (1989), When Federalism Works (1987), and The New UrbanReality (1985). ___________________________________________________________________________The Urban Underclass, Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson, editors. Published April 1991. 450 pages. Paper (ISBN 0 8157 4605 9), $12.95, or cloth(ISBN 0 8157 4606 7), $34.95. ___________________________________________________________________________

Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM

Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM Introduction It has always been said that an organization is as good as its employees. This is because employees play a critical role in meeting the short term and long-term goals and objectives of an organization as all organization present in the world are mission driven.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation is a concept that many managers have put in place to boost the performance of their employees. This concept aims at boosting the morale of employees at the work place. This paper shall therefore focus on the goals of motivation, motivational theories, and measurement of the outcome of motivation. Goals for Motivation The first goal that I would like my team to achieve because of motivation is to make all the team members to boost organizational morale. Giving employees rewards and incentives will make them feel part and parcel of the o rganization. Additionally, a favorable environment for work shall be developed. This will in turn increase their loyalty and morale of work. Therefore, it will be much easier for my team to achieve the set goals and objectives of the project. The second goal that I would like to achieve via a motivational program is boosting the productivity of the team members of my project. The rewards and incentives given to employees boost their productivity in a number of ways. This includes time management, quality of work, consumer satisfaction, dedication of work and meeting of deadlines.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, with incentives in place, team members will work hard to achieve the overall goals and objectives of the project hence ensuring its success in the long run. The third goal of motivation is the development of team spirit. Achieving success as a team is much easier than through individual effort. Thus, to ensure that team members work together to achieve the goals and objectives of the project, incentives that shall be earned only as a team shall be put in place. This will ensure that team member cooperate together to perform their respective tasks. Reduction of operation costs is the fourth goal of motivation. With motivational incentives in place, absenteeism and employee turnover shall be reduced. This will result in increased performance, return on investment and reduction in recruitment costs. Finally, with an effective and efficient motivation program, the goals and objectives of the project shall be achieved at ease. This is because the employees are dedicated to their work. Motivation Theories Several theories have been developed to explain the concept of motivation. According to the goal setting theory, it is believed that individuals often prefer to work within a given path to achieve a definite end result (Reisner, 2002) . This is the overall goal. The behavior change model on the other hand lays emphasis on motivation and volition. In this theory, motivation is viewed as an incentive of triggering behavioral intentions while volition transforms the intention into a behavioral action (Reisner, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the theory of unconscious motivation states that individuals are driven to some extent by motives that arise from the unconscious mind (Reisner, 2002). Motivation Measurement Motivation can be measured using a number of tools. However, the most effective tool is the by using the expectancy theory model. This theory can only be put in practice in an environment where people put effort and expect to be rewarded in turn (Fellner, 2001). Thus, to measure the effect of motivation, the following considerations are put in place: Rel ationship between effort and productivity Relationship between productivity and results The value of the results in an individual and the organization at large Conclusion Motivation is an essential factor to the success of an organization. However, the theories and models that an organization adopts should conform to its nature of operation and yield the desired results. This is essential in the achievement of the goals and objectives of an organization. References Fellner, R. (2001). How to Measure Motivation. Web. Reisner, R. (2002). From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18 (3), 19-31Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Tips for Writing Broadcast News Copy

Tips for Writing Broadcast News Copy The idea behind news writing is pretty simple: keep it short and to the point. Everyone writing for a newspaper or website knows this. But that idea gets taken to a new level with it comes to writing copy for radio or television broadcasts. There are lots of tips for broadcast news writing that make the job a little easier. Keep It Simple Newspaper reporters who want to show off their writing style occasionally insert a fancy word into a story. That just doesnt work in broadcast news writing. Broadcast copy must be as simple as possible. Remember, viewers arent reading what youre writing, theyre hearing it. People watching TV or listening to the radio generally dont have time to check a dictionary. So keep your sentences simple and use basic, easily understood words. If you find youve put a longer word in a sentence, replace it with a shorter one. Example: Print: The physician conducted an extensive autopsy on the decedent.Broadcast: The doctor did an autopsy on the body. Keep It Short Generally, sentences in broadcast copy should be even shorter than those found in print articles. Why? Shorter sentences are more easily understood than long ones. Also, remember that broadcast copy must be read out loud. If you write a sentence thats too long, the news anchor will be gasping for breath just to finish it. Individual sentences in broadcast copy should be short enough to be easily read in one breath. Example: Print: President Barack Obama and congressional Democrats sought to ease Republican complaints about a massive economic stimulus plan Friday, meeting with GOP leaders in the White House and promising to consider some of their recommendations.Broadcast: President Barack Obama met with Republican leaders in Congress today. The Republicans arent happy with Obamas big economic stimulus plan. Obama says hell consider their ideas. Keep It Conversational Many sentences found in newspaper stories simply sound stilted and unwieldy when theyre read out loud. Use a conversational style in your broadcast writing. Doing so will make it sound more like real speech, as opposed to a script someone is reading. Example: Print: Pope Benedict XVI joined U.S. President Barack Obama and Queen Elizabeth II on Friday by launching his own YouTube channel, the latest Vatican effort to reach out to the digital generation.Broadcast: President Obama has a Youtube channel. So does Queen Elizabeth. Now Pope Benedict has one, too. The pope wants to use the new channel to reach out to young people. Use One Main Idea per Sentence Sentences in newspaper stories sometimes contain several ideas, usually in clauses that are broken up by commas. But in broadcast writing, you really shouldnt put more than one main idea in each sentence. Why not? You guessed it - put more than one main idea per sentence and that sentence will be too long. Example: Print: Gov. David Paterson appointed Democratic U.S. Rep. Kirsten Gillibrand on Friday to fill New Yorks vacant Senate seat, finally settling on a woman from a largely rural, eastern district of the state to replace Hillary Rodham Clinton.Broadcast: Gov. David Paterson has appointed Democratic Congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand to fill New Yorks vacant Senate seat. Gillibrand is from a rural part of the state. She will replace Hillary Rodham Clinton. Use the Active Voice Sentences written in the active voice just naturally tend to be shorter and more to-the-point than those written in the passive voice. Example: Passive: The robbers were arrested by police.Active: Police arrested the robbers. Use a Lead-In Sentence Most broadcast news stories start with a lead-in sentence that is fairly general. Broadcast news writers do this to alert viewers that a new story is being presented, and to prepare them for the information that is to follow. Example: Theres more bad news today from Iraq. Note that this sentence doesnt say very much. But again, it lets the viewer know that the next story is going to be about Iraq. The lead-in sentence almost serves as a kind of headline for the story. Heres an example of a broadcast news item. Note the use of a lead-in line, short, simple sentences, and a conversational style. Theres more bad news from Iraq. Four U.S. soldiers were killed in an ambush outside Baghdad today. The Pentagon says the soldiers were hunting insurgents when their Humvee came under sniper fire. The Pentagon hasnt yet released the soldiers names. Put Attribution at the Start of the Sentence Print news stories usually put the attribution, the source of the information, at the end of the sentence. In broadcast news writing, we put them at the beginning. Example: Print: Two men were arrested, police said.Broadcast: Police say two men were arrested. Leave out Unnecessary Details Print stories tend to include a lot of details that we just dont have time for in the broadcast. Example: Print: After robbing the bank, the man drove approximately 9.7 miles before being apprehended, police said.Broadcast: Police say the man robbed the bank, then drove nearly 10 miles before he was caught. Sources Associated Press, The. Rep. Gillibrand gets Clintons Senate seat. NBC News, January 23, 2009. Associated Press, The. Vatican launches Pope YouTube channel. CTV News, January 23, 2009. jengibson. Simplifying Print Writing. Course Hero, 2019. What makes good broadcast writing? StudyLib, 2019.

Article about Understanding Portraits Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Understanding Portraits - Article Example I believe these similarities invoke the differences, and that if taken together these three images could be interpreted to show the development of the same subject across different stages of life. As mentioned above, I feel that these portraits could easily have a meaningful relationship to each other. I imagine that they are of the same subject, but depicted at very different ages in life. There are two parallel structures that progress together: the age of the person depicted and the complexity of the elements used in composing the portraits. The first portrait, image forty-three depicts a very young child in the arms of his or her mother. The identity of the child is hidden by the lack of detail in the simple line drawing – there is little to give a face or an identity. The second image, image twenty, differs from the first in both compositional complexity and age. It depicts a young man, fifteen or more years older than the baby depicted in image forty-three, but when disp layed together invoking the aging process and making the viewer inherently think that the child in image forty-three might have aged into the man in image twenty. The visual complexity also takes a noticeable jump. While sketch-like elements still remain the form and features of the face have jumped drastically in sharpness, and the shading has moved from a simple check-box and line technique to a blended approach where the shading darkens gradually. In this imagined narrative the third portrait, portrait six, takes another jump in age of the subject. It shows the young man aged into a gnarled, lined old man, who despite his age retains the certain light of the eye from the more youthful portrait. While age here takes its largest leap between the three portraits, visual complexity also takes its largest leap. The overall tone of the composition darkens making the points of light shining off the subject’s eyes forehead and aged white hair become more pronounced. The shading al so reaches its apex with entirely fluid transitions from light to dark through the folds of the old man’s face. If I were to arrange these items on a wall I would depict them in the order described, forty-three first, then twenty, then six. This arrangement makes the most sense for several reasons. The first is that the aging narrative makes the most sense in this format; the viewer, seeing three images in somewhat the same style and the same medium of a child, a young man and an old man naturally connects the three into an aging narrative. The second reason for laying these portraits out in this way is that the increase in visual complexity mirrors that of the aging process, which is evocative in several ways. One of the most interesting things about this portrait layout to me is how the narrative of artistic and stylistic progress is juxtaposed to the aging narrative also contained in these images. Moving from the first to the second narrative, one sees a child becoming a m an, and the increase in stylistic mirrors the aging process exactly – the child becomes beautiful, fully grown and powerful, mirroring the new more robust art. The narrative changes, however, moving from the second to the third portrait. In this movement one sees the artistic quality increase apace with a far more robust set of abilities and a more complex composition. The

Lifestyle Changes of American Slaves between 1700s and 1800s Research Paper

Lifestyle Changes of American Slaves between 1700s and 1800s - Research Paper Example Slavery in America is divided into two periods; 1650-1790 and 1790-1865. Slaves were from Africa where they were captured after being enticed with sweets especially in the case of children or through collaboration with local chiefs who gave out their subjects to slave traders. Historical lives and changes in 1700s Since slaves were drawn from different parts of the African continent into a strange environmental setting, several if not all, faced hardships in adapting to the new world of different social, cultural and political phenomena. Though some fought to maintain their earlier ancestral lifestyle from their native land, this wasn’t possible in the circumstances of their status of slavery as they had to accept the lifestyle of their masters (learnnc.org). Economic It is important to note that the slaves were shipped to work for their masters and therefore lacked enough time to develop or to engage in their own economic activities. Their lives were incredibly difficult and those who worked in plantations had to labor from sunrise to sunset without exception of the old or young, all worked for this long period of time. It was considered an act of kindness if a master gave his slaves a day off from work. Popular holidays like Christmas were equally infrequent in the lives of salves. In their rare free times, slaves engaged in activities of fishing or cultivating small piece of land in order to supplement what was given by the masters that was usually poor in quality. As earlier stated, it was the duty of the master to clothe these servants however, some gave inadequate clothing and this compelled the slaves to go an extra mile and sew their own clothes in the dark covers of the night. Political In their native land of Africa, slaves were organized into powerful kingdoms and other political units of governance, however, upon shipment to America their masters could not allow them to be in such organizations for the fear of being overpowered. They were not also allowed to engage in the political activities of their masters such as voting. Laws were made against them without their participation; slave trials were done in a separate court from those of their masters and were sentenced by such courts without trial. Social On their social aspect of life, they sheltered in small houses with cracks on the walls and dirty floors. Some who got injured in the plantation fields were not immediately taken to hospitals or given medication leading to many deaths. Their masters never allowed them to engage in social activities such as traditional dances, games and social groupings. The primary concern of the masters was productivity in the plantation but never cared about health or comfort of these servants. In some American states, slaves were not allowed to marry without their master’s consent and family members were dispersed to various parts of the country to avoid ever tracing trace one another. Historical lives and changes in 1800s As opposed to the events and relations witnessed between the salves and their masters at beginning of slave trade, during the later period of 1800s, remarkable changes occurred in the lives

Facebook and Privacy Essay Example for Free

Facebook and Privacy Essay Ex-Apple Engineer, Peter Warden, has collected public fan page data from 215 million Facebook pages, revealing current trends, such as ‘God’ being the number one most popular fan page among Facebook users in the Southern U. S. , whereas ‘Barack Obama’ featured heavily for San Francisco users, and ‘Starbucks’ was number one in Idaho. Warden plans to release this data to the academic community because he sees great potential in the data that can be extracted from these sites. This process is called data harvesting. The article suggests future academic work in  this area is likely to occu impacting on peoples privacy. (FACTS 100 words) Response: The ETHICAL issue central to this article is privacy and control. On one hand, Warden claims his intentions are altruistic (helpful to others) and that the data he is making visible here is a matter of public discourse. However, the FACTS are that individual users who are generating this data have neither been consulted about the data collection nor have they given permission for Warden to use it. Clearly Warden does not VALUE others peoples privacy as much as he WANTS (emotion) to create the website. The argument could be made that once a user ‘becomes a fan’ of a page on Facebook or, indeed, publishes any content to the internet, that information becomes public. User who have deployed privacy settings to carefully maintain a strong sense of control over their profiles, however, might well feel very ANGRY about this use of their data. Facebook can harvest that data (and does, for targeted advertising purposes) because they have a commitment to those advertisers (emotion)and engineers like Warden can develop data-trawling engines to collect accessible information across a massive dataset. The LAW needs to be much clearer about the rights of consumers, companies and advertisers in these situations. As Facebook is presumably bound by its own set of critically considered ETHICAL guidelines, these are neverthess underpinned by commercial VALUES and a vested interest (emotion) in keeping the data of its users from competitors. Warden claims to be operating under his own set of ethics that privilege (value) the furthering of knowledge. The issue then shifts to the academic community. Warden contends that one of his central motivations for collecting this data was so  that he could share it with the academic community. Although this claim may be true, most (if not, all) Universities have clear ETHICAL guidelines for research that explicitly VALUE and therefore require consent from participants. If none of the users gave consent for their data to be collected in this way, this in effect denies them a sense of AGENCY. Thus, academically, this data is tainted. While its implications are important the trends it makes visible are crucial to understanding the localised structures of social network sites like Facebook. Personally, I would  believe people should be able to tick a box that gives consent for the use of their personal material. I do not believe, either, that it should be one of those boxes you are obliged to tick before being able to use a site: that removes my personal AGENCY and I VALUE this very much. It should be up to me to decide whether other people get my data. If this sort of system was in place, everyone would know the FACTS, everyone would understand what is going on and no one would feel (emotion) betrayed or exposed unfairly. (463 words) Animal Research Link: http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v1n3/cures. html Objective summary:

Confucius Essay -- essays research papers

Confucius became famous as a sage, or wise man, of China during the Age of Philosophers. His Five Classics have influenced the civilizations of most of eastern Asia. Confucius was born in the state of Lu when local rulers refused to pay homage to the emperor of a failing Chou dynasty. Confucius hated the disorder that ensued and looked back on a time when things like that were not even thought of. He studied the teachings of the sage’s whose teachings and influences had made China one whole nation at one time. He decided that he was the one who should restore the faith and practices of the old emperors and wise men. Since Confucius was not able to gain an official position in China, he spent most of his life teaching a core group of disciples. The main idea of Confucius’ philosophy was to provide rules and traditions for every conceivable situation in every day life. He was concerned with all the misery in the world, and he hoped that making men noble would bring about a noble world. Confucius’ ideas of being benevolent to one’s fellow man, closely following set rituals, and acting in a manner proper and befitting one’s social class became the state followed ideology during the Han dynasty.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When studying the religion and philosophy of Confucius, one must have a clear understanding of the books he wrote. The Five Classics were from the period preceding the Warring States Period. They were brought together and edited by the members of Confucius’ original school. Once Confucianism was made China’s official philosophy, a person had to study these five books in order to gain a prized governmental position. Saying that there are only five classics is a bit of a misstatement. There are five classics and an extra book written by Confucius that is usually lumped in with the traditional Five Classics. That book is Lunyu, or The Analects. The Analects is a collection of little bits of wisdom that Confucius gave his disciples. However, the book is not a comprehensive “bible'; of Confucianism. It is a collection of quotations, anecdotes, and wisdoms. Due to this fact, Confucianism, at least according to Confucius, is open to interpretation. The Analects is still an interesting book, in that it provides a direct view of the thoughts and feelings of Confucius. T... ...e and control the world about him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius taught that when patterns on earth match those of Heaven, the spiritual beings of Heaven can be brought to earth and made to help man. All the spirits and specters of Heaven could be drawn out by earthly virtue to enact the beneficiary duties their realm imposed on them. These spirits were believed to do such things as keep rivers flowing, winds blowing and bringing rain that was needed by farmers. In turn, the farmers, following the established Confucian code of conduct, gave tithes to their overlords. This allowed the overlords to provide arts, education, and entertainment.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people dispute the success of Confucianism. Technically, Confucianism failed. But only during the lifetime of its creator. During his life, Confucius only gathered a few followers. After his death, these followers passed on his teachings, wisdom, and love for rituals and the tradition survived. It survived all the way to the Han dynasty when it became the official Chinese philosophy. From then on, it was firmly established in Chinese culture and its effects and value systems can still be seen today.

Different Business Structures

There are many types of organisational structure a business may decide to adopt. This assignment will examine the four main different business structures and present the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The business structures that I will be examining are as follows: A sole trader is an organisation, which is owned by one person. The assets and liabilities of the owner and those of the business are the same. There are no legal or tax distinctions between the owner and business. This type of business is straightforward to set up and dissolve. It requires the minimal legal requirements and costs. The owner can make all the decisions and can retain all the profits. He owns all the assets of the business. The owner can draw or invest funds into or out of the business, as he deems necessary. Business losses can be offset against other income, including claw back of past pay as you earn (PAYE). As the sole trader is self-employed, he is able to defer Income Tax and reduce his National Insurance contributions. The owner†s personal assets can be transferred to a spouse (or any other relative). However, the assets may be required to be returned by the court if it is satisfied that they were transferred to defeat creditors that were owed money. There is no legal requirement to have the accounts and records audited. No public disclosure of accounts and records is necessary, unless the business is registered for Value Added Tax (VAT). There is no requirement to register for VAT unless the taxable supplies to customers is equal to, or exceeds, the registration level. The registration level is currently ? 50,000 for a twelve-month period). The main disadvantage for being a sole trader is the unlimited liability factor. The sole trader is putting at risk his entire personal fortune including his house, car and any other personal assets in his possession that are outside the business. This is because there is no distinction between the individual (the owner) and the business. The law does not recognise the business as an artificial person (unlike a company,) and the business therefore, does not receive the benefits that would be attached if it were. If the business does become bankrupt, the owner may loose his personal fortune to pay the debts of the business. It is also true that if the sole trader becomes bankrupt, the business cannot legally continue. There are no additional funds available from equity investment by persons outside the business (third parties). This therefore, limits the businesses† growth potential. The transfer of ownership is not very flexible and the owner can only sell assets. All of the profits from the business are taxes as personal income, whether they have been retained within the business or taken out. Although self-employment reduces the National Insurance contributions payable, it also reduces the benefits of the National Insurance entitlements. The tax relief on pension contributions is restricted. If any property is transferred to the spouse it is lost to the sole trader if the marriage breaks and the spouse refuses to give it up. If the owner dies, the business comes to an end and the executives in charge of his affairs either sell it as a going concern or sell the assets individually. This is easy to set up and dissolve. There are no legal requirements to audit the accounts. No public access to the accounts ensures confidentiality. Any business losses can be offset against other income. Can be converted to a limited company at a later stage. Benefits of self-employment for income tax and National Insurance. Can attract more capital by admitting new partners, however, each partner has the right to veto the introduction of the new partner. Can get credit easily because supplies are not at risk as it is the partners who are taking the risks. A partnership can sue (and be sued) in its own name even though it is not an artificial person. Can change s19 of the Partnership Act 1890, but all partners must agree (s24 of the Partnership Act 1890). Can change provision of the 1890 Act e. g. s24 – profit and losses shared equally, but partners may provide for a different share (e. g. ?: ? rofit liability) in their agreement. If no evidence of split, their split will be equal. Every partner has legal access to inspect and copy firms books s24 (9) Partnerships Act 1890. Differing salaries may be given to partners before surplus profit is split. No doctrine of ultra vires and partnership may engage in any lawful activity as the partners† see fit. Able to access knowledge and experience of the partners. Limited to maximum of 20 people by Companies Act 1985, some professions are exempt and can have partnerships of unlimited size (e. g. solicitors, accountants, estate agents, stock brokers). Partnerships are jointly and severally liable for debts. Liability extends to private assets/personal fortune. Bankruptcy of partnership equals bankruptcy of all partners (excluding limited partners under the Limited Partners Act 1907). If a partner dies, his estate may still be liable for the businesses debts. Unless specific continuation provisions are made in the agreement, death, bankruptcy or retirement will dissolve the partnership. Less flexibility than a limited company, in transferring ownership. High level of trust required. Whether drawn or not, the profits are taxed as income. Self-employed national insurance entitlements have less benefits. Tax relief on pension contributions is restricted. Partners can be sued individually, or together by a creditor that has not been paid. However remaining partners must buy out the share of the deceased, bankrupt or retiring partner and it may be difficult to raise the necessary funds. The Business Names Act 1985 requires the names of all the members of a partnership and addresses in Great Britain where documents can be served, must be stated at all business premises so they can be easily read. Also all names must go on letterheads/documents. If more than 20 partners, the firm may elect to have a statement on letterheads/documents of the firms† principle place of business with indication that the partners† names can be inspected there. Partnership will be in contract if a partner without the relevant authority binds them to it (apparent (ostensible) authority). The partnership is bankrupt if all the partners are also bankrupt (excluding a limited partner under the Limited Partnership Act 1907. There are many factors that are the same for a LTD and a PLC so these will be covered first and then the individual factors will be looked at later. The company is considered by law as an artificial legal person and has an independent legal and tax status. Therefore it can sue and be sued in its own name. As the company is independent of its members, there is limited liability for its shareholders who just risk the amounts invested. Unlike a sole trader and a partnership, the company owns the assets. The death or bankruptcy of a member does not affect the company, which has perpetual succession. Also, the members do not go bankrupt if the company is being wound up. To provide funds for the company shares are issued, which can have different classes and rights (e. g. preference shares and equity shares). Only company directors can bind the company. There is no upper limit restricting the number of members a company can have. A company has a greater facility for borrowing (e. g. it can borrow on debentures) and raising finance externally. The formalised structures make management clearer. It is easier to widen the ownership base. There are no limits regarding contributions made to a pension scheme with tax relief. Income tax is only paid on salaries drawn. When profits are retained in the company the higher rates of personal tax can be avoided. It is very time consuming and expensive to set up as a company. There is a complex registration – registering under the Companies Acts, documents must be delivered to the Registrar of Companies and there are many related fees. The companies must conform to the relevant formalities of the Companies Act 1985. There are many requirements concerning factors such as the accounts and records, audits, share issues, directors requirements etc. The accounts and records must be made accessible to the public so competitors will have access to them. Company subject to regulation and suspension from secretary of state for trade and industry, the courts and the registrar of companies – certain accounts records to be submitted to ROC – less of confidentiality. Audit and account costs high, full audit costs if sales exceed an upper limit. Shareholders personally taxed on dividends. Double tax when company pays corporation tax on profits and capital gains. Higher national insurance contribution. Limited liability initially as creditors and banks request personal guarantees from directors. Private Limited Company (LTD company) Has no minimum value required for the allotted share capital. Can on receipt of its certificate of incorporation limited can borrow and commence business. A LTD company needs only one director and one shareholder. There is less legislation than PLC to comply with. A member can appoint only one proxy who can vote and address the meeting. Can provide financial assistance to a person to help them purchase the companies shares. It is optional for a LTD to pay dividends. A LTD company can not sell shares or debentures to the public. Has to publish accounts but gets partial exemption from publishing the full accounts, if they are bellow an upper limit. The company secretary is not required to be qualified or experienced, so there may be a lack of knowledge. Share holders can not easily sell shares due to the lack of a market and Articles of association restrictions on transfer. The Public Limited Company (PLC company) Raise capital by selling shares and debentures to the public. Needs 2 directors and 2 share holders (unless registered before 1st Nov 1929). A member can appoint more than 1 proxy who can vote but can not address meetings. The secretary must be qualified and posses the requisite knowledge and experience. Public scrutiny over accounts aids performance and efficiency. Large market for shares. No restriction on share transfer on stock exchange, USM and AIM but must keep track of who has shares. Encourages investment into company by share ownership by paying dividends. Can be exempt from the statutory requirement to have its year end accounts audited. Has legal requirement concerning allotted share capital – must be equal or greater than fifty thousand pounds. Can not exercise its borrowing powers or enter business transactions until the registrar has granted it a section 117 certificate. High degree of legislation, rule and formalities it must conform to, e. g. directors retiring at 70 years of age, minimum of 2 directors, voting for directors individually at a general meeting, share allotment. Must publish its accounts in full. Can not give financial assistance to a person to enable him to purchase the companies shares.

Analysis of Aluminium †Analytical Chemistry Essay

Introduction Atomic Absorption relies on the principle that each atom absorbs light of a particular wavelength, and hence at that wavelength the quantity of that absorption is proportional to the elements concentration. The first technique used in this analysis was Electrothermal Atomisation, known as Graphite Furnace-AAS. The components of a Graphite Furnace AAS are similar to that of Flame AAS, they more or less use the same components, with the exception of the component used to heat the sample. For a Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer the schematic is: Hollow Cathode Lamp → Graphite Tube → Monochromator → Detector The Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) is a selective/specific light source made from the element of interest. The HCL contains an inert gas which is usually Argon or Neon. Ionization of the inert gas takes place, which causes acceleration of the gas into the Cathode. This causes the metal atoms (Al) of the cathode to sputter into the gas phase. The collision of sputtered atoms with the Argon atoms or electrons, excite the metal to higher energy levels. It is the process of decay that occurs which causes excited electrons to emit light in their return down to lower energy levels which is shone through the sample in the Graphite tube. Ar + e- → Ar+ = 2e- M(s) + Ar+ → M(g) + Ar M(g) + Ar+ → M*(g) + Ar M*(g) → M(g) + hv (light) The monochromator isolates the absorption line obtained from the sample, giving an accurate depiction to the detector. While the detector measures the intensity of the light and produces an electrical signal equivalent to the intensity. The sample is injected directly into the graphite tube, which is then heated. The tube provides thermal energy enough to break bonds within the sample and produce free atoms of the analyte. The sample undergoes three stages of heating, which are all imperative to the analysis of the sample: Step 1: drying of sample (which is the removal of water and the solvent) happens at approximately 125 degrees celsius. Step 2: ‘ashing’ of organic matter (removal of organic and inorganic material, essentially any matrix) happens at approximately1300 degrees celsius. Step 3: Vaporization of analyte atoms (free analyte atoms in light path) – happens at approximately 2400 degrees celsius Step 2 is important for preventing Spectral Interference in the analysis. Due to the fact, there is no flame used in this particular technique there is no combustion products, hence there improved sensitivity of between 10 and 10^3. Method 1. From stock standard of Aluminium provided, prepare concentrations of 10ppb, 20ppb and 50ppb. 2. Add 2ml of 10% HNO3 to each standard and make up to volume in polycarbonate flasks using Ultra High Purity water (UHP water). 3. Prepare a blank: 2ml of 10% HNO3 diluted with UHP water. 4. Take 50ml samples of tap water from: a laboratory sink, a tap in C block, a sink from alternative lab. 5. Add 1ml of 10% HNO3 to each sample as a preservative. 6. Ensure all solutions are mixed well before loading into carousel. 7. Load carousel in order of: blank, then set of standards filling all inner positions. 8. Load samples into outer carousel using small cups. 9. Run analysis. Optimising the GF-AAS is important to ensure maximum efficiency of detection. This is done via running the standards over a range of pre-treatment and atomisation temperatures to determine the conditions for maximum response. Running the blank is important in establishing the base-line reading – this acts as a correction factor, as you can determine how much absorption you find in your samples as a result of the solvent.

Free Essays on Arsenic

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element found in our Earth’s crust, but too much of the element in our water systems, aquifers and wells could cause serious health problems over a long period of time. It has no distinctive taste or smell. You would assume that because arsenic is a naturally occurring element it wouldn’t even be a concern. Arsenic causes a very serious environmental problem by contaminating our drinking water, and causing many diseases in people all over the world. In an article by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources they explain that at very low levels arsenic is not a problem, in fact the body may even need a very small amount to function. However at higher levels, as low as three micrograms per liter, it could have a very serious effect on peoples health.(1) The main cause of arsenic in the drinking water is the weathering and decomposition of soil and minerals that occurs naturally. When the water comes in contact with these materials it can dissolve the arsenic. Industrial factories also introduce it by the combustion of fossil fuels, and they can also release hazardous waste into the ground that leads to contaminated groundwater. The water that people drink that is contaminated could cause some short term and long term effects. According to the National Research Council some short-term effects of drinking water contaminated with arsenic are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The arsenic can also cause fatigue and an abnormal heart rhythm. It also causes very abnormal bruising on the body, then a â€Å"pins and needles† sensation in your hands and feet.(83) These short term symptoms and signs are not always accurate in defining arsenic poising. There is no universal definition of the disease caused by arsenic, so it is very hard to detect the poising without sometimes mistaking it for something else. Long-term exposure to arsenic will cause chronic health problems. In ... Free Essays on Arsenic Free Essays on Arsenic Arsenic is a naturally occurring element found in our Earth’s crust, but too much of the element in our water systems, aquifers and wells could cause serious health problems over a long period of time. It has no distinctive taste or smell. You would assume that because arsenic is a naturally occurring element it wouldn’t even be a concern. Arsenic causes a very serious environmental problem by contaminating our drinking water, and causing many diseases in people all over the world. In an article by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources they explain that at very low levels arsenic is not a problem, in fact the body may even need a very small amount to function. However at higher levels, as low as three micrograms per liter, it could have a very serious effect on peoples health.(1) The main cause of arsenic in the drinking water is the weathering and decomposition of soil and minerals that occurs naturally. When the water comes in contact with these materials it can dissolve the arsenic. Industrial factories also introduce it by the combustion of fossil fuels, and they can also release hazardous waste into the ground that leads to contaminated groundwater. The water that people drink that is contaminated could cause some short term and long term effects. According to the National Research Council some short-term effects of drinking water contaminated with arsenic are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The arsenic can also cause fatigue and an abnormal heart rhythm. It also causes very abnormal bruising on the body, then a â€Å"pins and needles† sensation in your hands and feet.(83) These short term symptoms and signs are not always accurate in defining arsenic poising. There is no universal definition of the disease caused by arsenic, so it is very hard to detect the poising without sometimes mistaking it for something else. Long-term exposure to arsenic will cause chronic health problems. In ...

The Chemical Composition of Air

The Chemical Composition of Air Nearly all of the Earths atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide. Several other compounds are also present. Although this CRC table does not list water vapor, air can contain as much as 5% water vapor, more commonly ranging from 1-3%. The 1-5% range places water vapor as the third most common gas (which alters the other percentages accordingly). Below is the composition of air in percent by volume, at sea level at 15 C and 101325 Pa. Nitrogen N2 78.084%Oxygen O2 20.9476%Argon Ar 0.934%Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314%Neon Ne 0.001818%Methane CH4 0.0002%Helium He 0.000524%Krypton Kr 0.000114%Hydrogen H2 0.00005%Xenon Xe 0.0000087%Ozone O3 0.000007%Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 0.000002%Iodine I2 0.000001%Carbon Monoxide CO traceAmmonia NH3 trace Reference CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by David R. Lide, 1997.

Services Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Services Marketing - Essay Example There are additionally behavioral and attitudinal perspectives. A gander at these ideas will clear up what "client loyalty" truly is, and this is vital because having a robust understanding of the idea is vital if one wants to plan a prize project where dependability upgrade is the essential target. Additionally, the fast development of online transactions in service commercial ventures brings up paramount examination issues about the levels of fulfillment and dependability in the online environment, and the relationship between fulfillment and devotion online with respect to offline. Some latest studies demonstrate that there may be deliberate contrasts in client devotion for items and services picked online versus offline. Clients are central to the achievement of a business since a business without clients is not a legitimate business. Whether individuals are beginning or have are since quite a while ago settled, a great deal of time and cash is used in attempting to increase new clients. It is vital for ambitious people to recall that a loyal client can be generally as significant (if not more essential) than new one and this aspect is known as relationship marketing. This is because the business people do not need to invest as much time and cash promoting to them in light of the fact that they comprehend what the business people offer them. Moreover, it goes past simply having clients that are fulfilled, the ambitious people need to have loyal clients. Dedicated clients have a tendency to purchase more significantly, they talk more which means an entire load of free verbal publicizing for the business or organization (The business donut 2014). Subsequently constructing an exceedingly faithful clien t base ought to be the establishment of a fundamental business methodology. In making a dedicated client custom, the business people will unavoidably bring down their

Regulation and Management in the Global Economy Case Study

Regulation and Management in the Global Economy - Case Study Example 10 defines company provisions for leadership structure of the board of directors whereas sub-section A.2 has clearly explained division of responsibilities between head of the board and the executive officer. The code states that the office of chairman and chief executive officer should not be held by the same individual and this detachment of roles must be set out in writing. In contrast to the principles of UK corporate governance code, 2010; Imola plc is practically in violation of these principles. The role of the chairman has only been restrained at leading the board for effectiveness in setting agenda for board meetings and in constructing relations between executive and non-executive directors. Despite the fact that code constrains chief executive officer to be the chairman of the board but in exceptional cases major shareholders must be consulted in this endeavor which in case of Imola plc can only be justified as an exception only if the major shareholders have also been con sulted in advance to the appointment. Provided the company performance and restructuring, the decision for appointing same person as chairman and chief executive officers seems clear violation of duality clause of the corporate governance code. Section 2 of the corporate governance code, 2010 stipulates some principle regarding the effectiveness of the board, of which composition of the board has been defined in sub-section B.1 of the code, 2010. Sub-section B.1 states that the board of directors must be composed of individuals from diverse areas of expertise so that balance of skills and experience could be maintained efficiently and should be based upon sufficient member size for better management, monitoring and evaluation. Imola plc has successfully implemented this principle by maintaining sufficient size board and directors from diversified backgrounds (Clarke & Branson, 2012). What Imola plc has failed to implement is the balance between executive and non-executive board

Losing Power of Successful Economic Justice Models Essay - 1

Losing Power of Successful Economic Justice Models - Essay Example The barriers to the effective implementation of the fair trade movements all the time act as the reason for the power loss of the entire system. Considering. The consequence of the situation is that the co-operatives ultimately have to buy coffee at higher prices from the farmers and they are bound to sell the same coffee at lower prices to the importers of the foreign countries (Jeff, 2011). Â  Another major challenge of the fair trade movement as identified from the Fair Trade coffee case is that of the lack of knowledge being preserved by the producers of coffee. The reason of the lesser known among producers is primarily the co-operatives’ organization and processes. The producers possess almost zero or minimal knowledge about the fair trade movements because they seldom receive any training from the representatives of the Fair Trade. In certain cases, the producers themselves are the catalysts who worsen the situation of lesser information. This happens through their reluctance towards attending assemblies of the co-operatives and other similar events. Â  As the market for coffee is cyclical, the prices of this commodity fluctuate greatly. With the growth in the rates of conventional coffee, the obligations towards the channels of Fair Trade deteriorate. The Fair Trade Coffee depicts that with this scenario in concern, the producers fail to operate effectively because of the difference between the prices cited by the co-operatives and that prevailing in the market decreases (Murray, Raynolds, & Taylor, 2003). Â  

Sample Written Report Essay Example for Free

Sample Written Report Essay Introduction: The periodic table is a table in which all of the known elements are listed. The table arranges the elements in order of increasing proton number to show the similarities of chemical elements. Therefore elements with structural similarities atomic number are placed together. These elements can be placed into two different categories, metals non-metals. The early years of the 19th century witnessed a rapid development in chemistry. The art of distinguishing similarities and differences among atoms prompted scientists to devise a way of arranging the elements. Relationships were discerned more readily among the compounds than among the elements; thus, the classification of elements lagged many years behind the classification of compounds. Development of the Periodic Table It was in 1817 when Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner showed that the atomic weight of strontium lies midway between those of calcium and barium. Some years later he showed that other such â€Å"triads† exist (chlorine, bromine, and iodine and lithium, sodium, and potassium). Another way of classifying the elements was later proposed by John Alexander Reina Newlands in 1864. He proposed that elements be classified in the order of increasing atomic weights. As a result of an extensive correlation of the properties and the atomic weights of the elements in 1869, Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev proposed the periodic law, which states that â€Å"the elements arranged according to the magnitude of atomic masses show a periodic change of properties.† Mendeleev’s Version of Periodic Table The rows 1 to 7 are called periods. The columns I A on the left to 0 on the right are known as groups. Elements with similar properties fall into vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods), which form the table. The columns in the table are called Groups. The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. Arrangement of the Elements According To Groups Group I A The Alkali Metals Group 1 elements are soft silvery metals. They react strongly with water. The further down the group you go, the more violent this reaction is. These alkali metals are usually stored under oil to protect them from moisture and oxygen. They all have one electron in their outer shells. Group II A – The Alkaline Earth Metals This group consists of all metals that occur naturally in compound form. They are obtained from mineral ores and form alkaline solutions. These are less reactive than alkali metals. Group III A – The Aluminum Group The elements in this group are fairly reactive. The group is composed of four metals and one metalloid which is boron. Group IV A – The Carbon Group This group is composed of elements having varied properties because their metallic property increases from top to bottom meaning the top line, which is carbon, is a nonmetal while silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. Group V A – The Nitrogen Group Like the elements in group IV A, this group also consists of metals, nonmetal and metalloids. Group VI A – The Oxygen Group This group is called the oxygen group since oxygen is the top line element. It is composed of three nonmetals, namely, oxygen, sulfur and selenium, one metalloid, (tellurium) and one metal (polonium) Group VII A – The Halogens This group is composed of entirely nonmetals. The term â€Å"halogens† comes from the Greek word hals which means salt and genes which means forming. Halogens group are called â€Å"salt formers†. Group VIII A – The Noble Gases This group is composed of stable gases otherwise known as the non-reactive or inert elements. The Transition Elements The elements in the middle of the table are called transition elements. They are all metals and so they are also called transition metals. Summary A. Development of the Periodic Table 1. Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner classified elements in sets of three. 2. Dmitri Inovich Mendeleev devised the first periodic table, which he used to predict three new elements. He proposed the†periodic law† which states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their properties show periodic pattern. B. The Periodic Table and the Elements 1. The periodic table is composed of 7 rows or periods and 18 major groups or columns. 2. The elements are given symbols devised by John Jacob Berzelius. An element is named after its discoverer, place of discovery, first letter of the name of the element, first and the second letter for those having the same first letter and some are after their Latin names. The elements are grouped into Group A and B Group by the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (IUPAC). 3. Elements in the periodic table are also grouped according to metals, non-metals and metalloids. Metals are lustrous, malleable and ductile. They are good conductors of heat. Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table. Nonmetals have a diverse set of properties. They are found on the upper right side of the periodic table. Metalloids or semimetals possess the properties of both the metals and the non-metals. Conclusion The Periodic Table of Elements supports Chemistry, as it explains periodic law and the significance of the rows and columns of the periodic table, including how to relate the position of an element in the table to its atomic number and atomic mass. Students comprehension of the significance of the table will be reinforced as they learn how to use it to identify metals, semimetals, nonmetals and halogens, as well as the relative sizes of ions and atoms. The program also outlines the physical and chemical qualities of the members of each group of elements from the alkaline metals to the noble gases.