Karl Marx s View On The Labor Value Of Theory - 883 Words

Karl Marx was a German â€Å"economist and political scientist† who viewed capitalism â€Å"from a more pessimistic and revolutionary viewpoint† (Gorman, 2003). Karl Marx believed â€Å"that the basic determining factor of human history [was] Economics† (Famous101.com, 2011). Marx argued that the people within the classes were bound to remain â€Å"because of the very nature of capitalism† (Prabhat, 2012). Instead, Marx believed â€Å"†¦that the value of a good or service is dependent upon the labor used†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to produce it (Investopedia, 2014). What did Karl Marx hope to accomplish by publishing his view on the Labor Value of Theory? Karl Marx lived from 1818 to 1883 and published his most famous work, The Communist Manifesto, in 1848. His father was a lawyer â€Å"who came from a long line of Rabbis† but eventually became a protestant â€Å"to keep his job†. Marx began studying Hegelianism at the University of Berlin when he was 18 years old. During that time, Marx questioned the â€Å"†¦abstract thought of philosophy† and instead believed in the â€Å"†¦ material base of economics†. This was, of course, in stark contrast to Hegel’s â€Å"†¦philosophy of law.† Marx saw society â€Å"†¦as a sphere to be studied in order to understand the historical development of humankind† (European, 2012). During the time of the publishing of his Communist Manifesto, there was a major unemployment crisis underway due to the advancements of the industrial revolution. In New England, factories started to boom and suddenly worker’s conditionsShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Great Philosopher Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia in 1818 to a Jewish family, but despite his baptism at age 6, he later became an atheist. Marx attended University of Bonn, but due to his imprisonment for drunkenness and variances with another student, he was enrolled in the University of Berlin by his parents. Marx earned his degree in philosophy and began writing for Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper. He later became their editor. Marx was a member of Young Hegelian movement which was groupRead MoreDivision of Labor1397 Words   |  6 PagesDivision of Labor Introduction: The phrase â€Å"division of labor† has many different definitions that can be used in different contexts. The Encyclopedia of Sociology helps explore the many different ways division of labor can be defined, and recognizes that all major sociologists considered this topic to be fundamental in understanding modern society, and how it has came to be. (Borgatta Montgomery and Rhonda 2000). Some of these classical sociological thinkers expressed their own ideas of divisionRead MoreSmith vs. Marx - a Comparison Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesSmith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison S. Glen Balanoff July 04, 2004 Smith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison Modern economic society can be described as a combination of certain points from several theories combined into one. Changing dynamics and economic needs of nations has spawned a development of various, and contrasting, economic systems throughout the world. Perhaps the two most contrasting philosophies seen in existence today are that of capitalism and communism. The two philosophers most notablyRead MoreWhy Marx s Social Theory Place So Much Emphasis On Class Conflict And The Economic Aspects Of Society? Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes Marx s social theory place so much emphasis on class conflict and the economic aspects of society? Karl Marx is one of the most influential and revolutionary philosopher, economist and sociologist of the 19th century. His thoughts not only shaped our understandings of the capitalistic world but also created a new system of social organization, communism. His ideology also defined the key political figures of the cold war period such as Stalin, Mao and Castro. Without Marx, theRead MoreKarl Marx : A German Influential Philosopher And One Of The Intellectual Fathers Of Communism1477 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is known to be a German influential philosopher and one of the intellectual fathers of communism, writing when the industrial revolution and imperialism period was changing the nature of both the economies of individual nations and the global economy itself. He eradicated his view on the effects these changes had on individual workers and society. This introduced many of his theories, one of which was the idea of alienated labor. Alienated labor was written i n 1844, Marx sets the view thatRead MoreKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim And Max Webers Influence On Religion1727 Words   |  7 PagesThree theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, are undoubtedly the fathers of modern sociology. â€Å"Nineteenth century Western Europe was pounded by pivotal forces of transformation. Politics, education, religion, communication science, art, and social life were being revolutionized.† (Mohseni 1994;85) Each with distinct views on society and religion, these sociologists are and their theories are significant especially in the field of society. Just as much as they play a major role in theRead MoreGlobalization Has Transformed Our Economic Lives1609 Words   |  7 PagesSociology has looked at the way people interact with one another in groups, cultures, societies and organizations. An emerging topic in sociology that takes in a bigger and more worldly view is globalization. Globalization is defined as taking into account the way the wo rld becomes more connected with itself through cultural, transportation and communication means. These international connections came before the time of capitalism and colonization itself. Long since then, countries have traded withRead MoreMarx, Weber And Durkheim s Views On The Social1385 Words   |  6 Pagesaddress three core sociology theorists; Marx, Weber and Durkheim, they all had different opinions about how society functioned through the different types of relationships. Each theorists had a different perspective about â€Å"the social† and how that perspective presented it through society. Marx’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on production relations and how the classes interacted with one another through that type of relationship (Marx 1844). Weber’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on meaningfulRead MoreKarl Marx History of Economic Thought1454 Words   |  6 Pages10-992-204 Professor Allgoewer Karl Marx: â€Å"A context for inevitable social revolution† Of particular interest in Rima’s summary and critique of Marx’s background and social/economic contributions is the quote: â€Å"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness.† Karl Marx, in reference to modes of production, which refers to the socialRead MoreMarx, Max Weber And Emile Durkheim948 Words   |  4 PagesIn assessment of sociological theory it is imperative to our understanding of social theory that we analyze the ideologies of some prominent theorists such as Karl Marx, Max Weber and Émile Durkheim. Karl Marx’s philosophical ideals on society and class division are impactful in shaping our understanding of society. Inequality and social division is at the heart of Marx’s theory of society. Marx’s theorized that society is the history of class struggles. To him the fundamentally factor determining

Desire of the Fourteenth Century Women - 876 Words

Desire of the Fourteenth Century Women Is not what we desire, the most hard to get? It has always been this way. Unfortunately, women’s rights and abilities have been underestimated over the centuries. In the fourteenth century, the status and condition of a European woman depended on her husband’s position. Women had to endure arranged marriages, abuse and male dominance. During that time, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales and taught us about one extraordinary woman whose name is Dame Alisoun. Alisoun is called The Wife of Bath, and she defines what women desired most in fourteenth-century England. She believes that women wish for power over their husbands, and I personally agree with her opinion.†¦show more content†¦As help me God, whan that I saw him go. After the beere, me thoughte he hadde a paire of legges and of feet so clene and faire. That al myn herte I yaf unto his hold† (line 601). Alisoun learns quicky about men’s weak sides and chooses her tactics depending on the situation. In her Prologue, the Wife of Bath points out that there are no women writers and that only men write. Everything described in Janekin’s book is written from the men’s point of view, and here Alisoun uses a painting as an analogy: â€Å"Who painted the leon, tel me who? By God, if wommen hadden writen stories, As clerkes han wihin hir oratories, They wolde han writen of men more wikkednesse, Than al the merk of Adam may redresse (line 695). If women got a chance to write, they would write good things about themselves. The Wife of Bath explains that actually women are unable to present theirs ideas because in the fourteenth century, women were not necessarily literate. Alisoun probably cannot read herself. Only men can write about women, and Alisoun does not agree with what they say. The Wife of Bath breaks the rule and norms for the fourteenth-century woman. She mentions God often, and she explains that true nobility comes from him: â€Å"For gentilesse cometh fro God allone† (line 1168). Here she mentions that class or social status does not matter, and that true nobility comes from God. Even though Alisoun has anShow MoreRelatedWomen And Male Authority Figures1507 Words   |  7 Pages In the fourteenth century, women were merely seen as subject to male authority figures. A wife was not seen as a competent adult because they were seen as so dependent on their husband (Bennett 104-105). After a marriage anything she owned became possessed by her husband (Bennett 104-105). Women who manipulated their husband and gained control of his assets defied the norm of women’s position in the fourteenth century. The church was a major part of Medieval England and controlled many peoples livesRead MoreChaucer s The Man Of Law s Tale1269 Words   |  6 Pagesscholars argues the language of rape- raptus, ravysement, and rape, was so ambiguous in the fourteenth century that it could mean either forced coitus or abduction, often for the purpose of marriage (Cannon). The latter’s theory of Chaucer’s pardon of a rape charge is extremely useful because it sheds light on the difficult problem of the effectiveness of English the justice system during the fourteent h century. During the 1380s, the same decade when Chaucer likely wrote the Wife of Bath‘s Tale, EnglandRead MoreThe Adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century864 Words   |  4 PagesDonald Hitchcock REL 316 â€Å"The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century† Translation: Ross E. Dunn Ibn Batutta was a self-proclaimed scholar of the fourteenth century who traveled extensively throughout sub-Saharan Africa under the banner of Islam, and wrote of his travels in an autobiographical book entitled ‘The Travels of Ibn Battuta’. The financing for his ventures was derived from Muslim rulers inhabiting the cities he visited. His text regarding theRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an anonymous author, are both sophisticated fourteenth-century examples of medieval romance. Medieval romances captured the heart of their audiences as narratives and stories that featured a protagonist, often a knight, and dealt with religious allegories, chivalry, courtly love, and heroic epics. The concept of the knight emerged from the remnants of the Anglo-saxon literature and ideals and influe nce of theRead More Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Although The Canterbury Tales was probably written in the late fourteenth century, many of the pilgrims of The Canterbury Tales seem real and true to life even today. One of the most memorable pilgrims of The Canterbury Tales, as well as one of the most memorable women in literature, is the Wife of Bath. The lusty and domineering Wife of Bath seems more like a woman of the twentieth century than a woman of the fourteenth century (Norton 80). In The General Prologue, Chaucer describes the WifeRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath, By William Shakespeare1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Wife of Bath tale, was a turnaround for women and how they are viewed in society and in tales. It took a women’s prologue and a tale about a wife that created a different look for women and a different role that they could play besides a hopeless character. Even though it wasn’t normal for a woman to have dominance in society let alone a tale. The article even explained how the women went through by being widow. This prologue and tale showed us how women were able to change that and do so. In bothRead MoreEssay on The Wife of Bath1031 Words   |  5 PagesCanterbury Tales, as well as one of the most memorable women in literature, is the Wife of Bath. She is a lusty and domineering woman who is proud of and outspoken about her sexuality and believes that a woman should have sovereignty in a marriage (Norton 80). She is also extremely blunt and outspoken about her ideas and beliefs. Despite being a woman of the fourteenth century, her ideas, beliefs, and behavior are more like those of the twentieth century. For these reasons, she seems true to life evenRead MoreThe Catholic Church s Stance On Peaceful Conversion1587 Words   |  7 PagesConversion to Christianity in Medieval Iberia invoked ambivalent feelings among Christians at the time. Christians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries intended to convert Jews and Muslims through kind words and religious teachings from the Bible. This idea of peaceful conversion, nevertheless, evolved and Christians began converting non-believers through violence and compulsion. Also, even after individuals were converted, Christians did not always fully trust their motivations, and believedRead More The Contradiction of Chivalry and Courtly Love Essays899 Words   |  4 Pagesthat of courtly love. The ideal of each clash throughout the medieval tales, and it is impossible to interfuse the two models for society. Chivalry is a masculine code, an aggressive discipline, whereas courtly love is based upon women - their needs, wants, and desires. The consistent problem if Lancelot and Guinevere’s adulterous relationship in different tellings of the affair relates back to the differences presented in chivalric code and courtly love ideals. The chivalric code speaks of braveRead More The Plague - The Black Death Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pages1346-1352. Those who survived lived in constant fear of the plagues return and it did not disappear until the 1600s. Not only were the effects devastating at the time of infection, but during the aftermath as well. The Black Death of the fourteenth century dramatically altered Europes social and economic structure. The plague was spread by fleas, which were not effected by the disease. Fleas first infected the rats, which lived off garbage and sewage. The rats then spread the infection

International Trade and Enterprise World Trade Organization

Question: Describe about the International Trade and Enterprise for World Trade Organization. Answer: Introduction World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates the international trade. It is the only global international organization which deals with rules and regulations of trade between nations. It officially commenced on January 1st, 1995 by replacing the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). The basic objective of WTO is to improve the living standard of the people of its member countries, as well as, to provide full employment to the people of member countries, in addition to increasing the trading of goods and services (Marceau, 2010). It also aims at ensuring that the developing countries, secure the maximum benefits from expansion of the international trade. WTOs major policy relates to the trade review policy. The main objective of trade review policy is to increase trade transparency among the member countries, as well as, to have a better understanding of trade policies and practices of member countries. Though, WTO has helped poor countries members, but its aim of trade liberalization policy to generate wealth from export, and to make payments for import does very little help for the developing countries. Thus, in this report we will not only cover about the WTO, its structure, its objectives, policies, and functions, but will also highlight the reasons about countries, which do or do not, get benefited from the WTO. World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization which deals with the trade of goods, services, and intellectual property amongst its member countries. It came into existence on January 1st, 1995 after replacing the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) (Bernhardt, 2014). WTO presently has around 153 members, which together account for the majority of the trade across the globe. WTOs major focus is on regulating the trade practices and to lower the trade barriers for effective working of international trade (Bagwell, Bown and Staiger, 2015). The Doha agreement focuses on these trade practices (DiMatteo, et al. 2003). The main aim of this agreement is to achieve reforms in the international trading system, through lowering of the trade barriers, as well as, by revising the trade practices. Briefly describing about WTO meetings, its decision making body is the ministerial conference, which meets at least once in every two year. Beneath it is the General Council which meets for a number of times throughout a year. General Council also acts as the dispute settlement body and meets as the trade policy review body. This meeting is held at the headquarters of WTO, at Geneva. Objectives of WTO The objectives of the WTO include the following: To implement the world trade as determined in the agreement, To promote such world trade which benefits every member country, To ensure that the developing member countries, secure the maximum benefits from expansion of the international trade, To enhance the trade of goods and services, To demolish all hurdles to an open world trade system, and to ensure the renewal of the economic policies by countries, in order to foster economic growth, as trade contributes towards a major portion of the economic growth, To enhance the competitiveness amongst its trading partners, so as to benefit the consumers, To ensure full employment to all the people of its member countries, by promoting increase of production along with productivity, To ensure optimum utilization of world resources, promote sustainable development and to protect the environment. Policies of WTO There are a number of policies of WTO. The first policy relates to the assistance, development, and transition of the economies. This policy is designed to give support and to help the developing countries, as well as, the least developed countries with their trade and tariff data to help them in export. The second policy relates to the specialized help for exporting. This policy is made to provide specialized help to the developing countries, with respect to the formulation and implementation of the export and import operations. The third policy relates to the cooperation in global economic policy making. This policy is to provide cooperation to the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and other organizations, in making economic policies. The fourth policy relates to the routine notifications. Members of WTO are required to notify while taking relevant steps. This is to ensure that whether members are following the rules and regulations made by the organizations. However, WT O has provided a lot of help to its member countries but there are cases where it has flawed in benefiting its members, especially those in the developing countries. The most important policy of WTO is the Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) (Sol, 2007). Besides having regulations on the trading of the goods and the services, the WTO has also focused on trade related aspects, of intellectual property rights. TRIPS agreement set out the minimum standards of protection to be provided by each of the member country. The agreement specifies the areas where protection is required, the subject matter which has to be protected, the rights have to be protected and the duration for protection also has to be clearly defined, along with the exceptional permission relating to those rights have to be mentioned. Further, TRIPS enforcement requires the member countries to make certain domestic procedure and remedies for the effective enforcement of intellectual property rights. It further specifies the details about the procedures and remedies available, so that the right holders can enforce their rights. Any dispute with regards to TRIPS is resolved by the WTO dispute resolution panel. TRIPS promised meaningful implementation of the intellectual property rights, which require extensive domestic changes in the legal, as well as, the judicial system. It is understood that this is a difficult task and so the WTO gives an additional time to the least developed along with the developing countries, an additional time to implement the treaty. However, with the passage of time, the implementation of this policy seems to be more costly. Thus, implementation of TRIPS became a problematic task for the developing countries (Helfer, 2004). Whether Developing Countries Benefit from the Policies of WTO? India Briefing firstly about the developing country India, this country has benefited from the various WTO agreements, to a certain extent. Certain benefits like increase in the foreign exchange earnings due to growth in the export of both the goods, as well as, the services. With regard to the increase in the export of goods, like agricultural goods, the major reason was the reduction of the trade barriers at the international level, which resulted in the increase of the requirement of the agriculture product at the international level (Thakur, 2007). Further, goods like textile and clothing contributed to an increase in the foreign exchange, by removal of the multi fiber arrangement (MFA) (Stern, and Mattoo, 2003). Further, as per WTO- Trade related Investment Measures (TRIMS), which provides for the withdrawal of restrictions on the foreign direct investments. This has helped India in increasing its foreign trade investments. Further, multi lateral trade and discipline, has helped India in achieving the global economic growth. Thus, it can be said that the WTO benefited India as a result of its various policies because of which, India was able to become a strong economy, globally, which was the objective of the WTO (helping the developing countries to foster maximum economic benefits from international trade). Thus, it can be said that India is a winner country with respect to the WTO policies (Sheshagiri, Honkan, and Vaikhunthe, 2011). Kenya Another example of country benefiting from WTO policies is Kenya. A remarkable development in trade policy formulation in Kenya relates to the emergence of the various civil society groups. In most cases, they include the poor and these groups represent the poor, regarding issues in the WTO. These groups then ensure the implementation along with the monitoring of the WTO policies in the country. Further, Kenya largely participates in the WTO for the issues relating to agriculture (Odek, 2002). Kenyas economy revolves around the agriculture. Recent report covered that Kenyas real GDP has declined, though its foreign trade has increased. But the report further stated that the country had failed to earn huge foreign currency exchanges, because Kenyas major imports includes the goods like machinery, equipments and oil products which creates an imbalance in the foreign currency flow, along with more of the foreign exchange flowing outside the country, compared to amount of foreign currency inflow in the country (WTO, 2000). Thus, it can be said that Kenya is hardly in the winning situation. Moreover, it is more towards the losing situation, as even after becoming the member in all of the WTO policies, for instance TRIPS and the Agreement on agriculture, Kenya is still dealing with a large number of unemployment. A country where poor population was quite high before joining the WTO, even after representing the issues related to the poor, in WTO meetings, no real difference has b een made in this regard. Thus, Kenya is a loser in this case. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is again a developing country. The countrys trade policies as well as its practices are in form of an open market regarding the manufactured imports, which has lead to privatization. Foreign direct investment has been welcomed in the country, which has helped in the development of the clothing and the tourism industry. Like all other members of the WTO, Sri Lanka is also bounded by all the tariff barriers, on its agriculture products. However, with all the reforms regarding the trade being implemented, Sri Lankas growth of export has been comparatively slower than its import (WTO, 2016). Again, like Kenya, Sri Lanka was also not benefited much from the WTO policies. South Africa The landmark reform of the WTO, which benefited South Africa, is the Anti-Dumping regime. South Africa, by adopting the anti-dumping regime policy of the WTO, in its domestic antidumping policy, proved to the other nations regarding the successful application of the WTO policies, in order to ensure that its domestic policies meet the international policy criteria (Bown and McCulloch, 2010). After, transformation of South African Government to the Democratic Government, it opened its economy to the world, to become a more competitive economy, and to participate in world economy. South Africa became a party of all the WTO agreements, including the agreement on anti-dumping. Anti-dumping are the measures to protect the domestic industry, from the import of goods at prices lower than its nominal value (Bown, 2008). Due to extensive tariff liberalization, South African export had increased significantly, but the export goods remained limited. South Africa trade agreement included the SACU, which contains the membership of South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland. It focuses on the regional industrial development, the trade facilitation, and the revenue sharing. Further, its open economy was appreciated, as it allowed foreign direct investment in the country. However, the only concern raised was that the South African economy was opened way too much, for an economy (Minter, 2001). But in end, things turned in the favor of South Africa, as the committee of WTO considered South Africa, as a country playing major role amongst all the other developing countries. Thus, another positive conclusion was arisen, which was unlike the cases of Kenya and Sri Lanka, as South Africa was benefited from the WTO policies. So, South Africa was a winner country, amongst the members of the WTO. Whether the Developed Countries Benefit from the Policies of WTO? The discussions, till now were regarding the developing countries. Now, a discussion has been made regarding whether the policies of the WTO have benefited the developed nations like Australia, and United States. Australia While discussing about the policies of WTO associated with Australia, the discussion has been made on the common grounds of the developing nations, pertaining to the agriculture trade policies of WTO. Australian government is continuously working towards the global agriculture trade, and to provide a wider market for the Australian agriculture exporters. Australia has reduced its tariff and other protections on the agriculture and the food products (Parliament of Australia, 2016). This provide a competitive, as well as, a productive agriculture sector, with an assurance that Australian farmers can provide high quality product, without any financial support, and trade distorting practices, as are followed by some countries. By implementing this policy, Australia became one of the worlds most efficient agriculture producers. The intellectual property policy also needs to be discussed when discussing about the WTO policies. Australia, being a leading trading nation, with strong research tradition, and with needs to access to the new technologies, has agreed to the policy regarding the intellectual property rights. Australia implemented these policies in its work, to ensure effective implementation of WTOs agreement (WTO, 2015). Thus, whether it is an agreement regarding the intellectual property rights (TRIPS) or the agreement regarding agriculture, Australia has only benefited from it, at any given point of time. g a, discussiculture producer. ucer. anylture firstly.out australia sion was benefited from WTO policies. It is a winner country. United States The United States was one of the leading forces which led to the establishment of the WTO in 1995. The agreements relating to the reduction in trade barriers, across the globe, allowed the farmers, businessmen, as well as, the working people of the United States in creation of new opportunities, new jobs and in raising the standard of living of the families. The thriving economy of the United States is a result of the trade gains which the country achieved, as a result of the WTO Agreements, as well as, some other trade policies. As per the studies conducted, the result of a complete implementation of the agreements of the WTO would be a boost in the GDP of the United States by $125-250 billion per year, and this was the case of 1998. So, the benefits have just grown for the country (IATO, 2016). The policy of the United States is focused towards the multilateral reforms regarding the agricultural policy, in accordance to the policies of the WTO. These policies of the WTOO act as the key opportunity for the country to achieve profits in the share of market. The countrys support for the reforms related to trade, within the WTO, relate to the changes in the farm programs of the country, which is expected to be beneficial for the country, in the coming years. The country has also entered into trade agreements with the Republic of Korea, Panama, and Colombia, in 2012, which includes the new IP standards for these countries, along with the new consultative mechanisms, amongst these countries and the US (WTO, 2014). So, being the leading force in the establishment of WTO has majorly benefitted the country. Further the implementation of the various policies of the WTO, have made the United States, a winner in comparison to the other nations. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the WTO is a universal body, which helps its member countries, in growing and developing. This is done by the implementation of the various policies of the WTO, which cover the objectives of the WTO. Though, even after implementation of these policies, there has been a disparity in the success of these policies. As analyzed above, some of the countries have benefitted from these policies, while the others have proved as a loser in this segment. Though, the developed nations have only benefitted from these policies and the disparities in the success of these policies, is only present in the case of the developing countries. So, it can be right concluded that each nation has a different response to the success of the WTO policies. References Bagwell, K., Bown, C.P., and Staiger, R.W. (2015) Is the WTO pass?. Journal of Economic Literature. Bernhardt, T. (2014) North-South Imbalances in the International Trade Regime: Why the WTO Does Not Benefit Developing Countries as Much as it could. Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(1), pp 123-137. Bown, C.P. (2008) The WTO And Antidumping In Developing Countries. Economics Politics, 20(2). Bown, C.P., and McCulloch, R. (2010) Developing countries, dispute settlement, and the Advisory Centre on WTO Law. The Journal of International Trade Economic Development, 19(1), pp 33-63. DiMatteo, L.A., et al. (2003) The Doha Declaration and Beyond: Giving a Voice to Non-Trade Concerns within the WTO Trade Regime. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 36(1). Helfer, L.R. (2004) Regime Shifting: The TRIPs Agreement and New Dynamics of International Intellectual Property Lawmaking. The Yale Journal of International Law, 29(1). IATO. (2016) America and the World Trade Organization. [Online] IATO. Available from: https://www.iatp.org/files/America_and_the_World_Trade_Organization.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16] Marceau, G. (2010) The WTO in the Emerging Energy Governance Debate. Global Trade and Customs Journal, 5(3), pp 83-93. Minter, W. (2001) Africa and the World Trade Organization: The Issues in Brief. [Online] Foreign Policy in Focus. Available from: https://fpif.org/africa_and_the_world_trade_organization_the_issues_in_brief/ [Accessed on 07/10/16] Odek, O. (2002) The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements: Their Impact on Kenya. New Delhi: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Parliament of Australia. (2016) Australias Relationship with the World Trade Organisation (WTO). [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=jsct/wto/sub311.pdf [Accessed on 07/10/16] Sheshagiri, B., Honkan, G.G., and Vaikhunthe, L.D. (2011) Impact of W.T.O on Indian Agriculture: Performance and Prospects. International Journal of Current Research, 3(10), pp.066-070. Sol, P. (2007) The WTO as a Node of Global Governance: Economic Regulation and Human Rights Discourses. Law. Social Justice and Global Development Journal. Stern, R., and Mattoo, A. (2003) India and the WTO. Washington DC: World Bank. Thakur, A.K. (2007) WTO and India. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications WTO. (2000) Kenya: January 2000. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp124_e.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16] WTO. (2014) Trade Policy Review: United States. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s307_e.pdf [Accessed on 07/10/16] WTO. (2015) Trade Policy Review: Australia. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp412_e.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16] WTO. (2016) Sri Lanka ratifies Trade Facilitation Agreement. [Online] WTO. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news16_e/fac_31may16_e.htm [Accessed on 07/10/16]

The Urban Underclass Challenging THe Myths ABout Essay Example For Students

The Urban Underclass: Challenging THe Myths ABout Essay Americas Urban PoorPaul Peterson and Christopher Jencks, co editors of The UrbanUnderclass, and William Julius Wilson, a contributor to the book, willconduct a public symposium from 2 to 4 p.m. Tuesday, April 16, in theBrookings auditorium. Discussants will include James Johnson of UCLA,Charles Murray of the American Enterprise Institute and Isabel Sawhill ofthe Urban Institute. The conference is open to press and other interestedparties. If you plan to attend, please call 202/797 6105. ____________________________________________________________________________FOR RELEASE: April 16, 1991CONTACT: Paul Peterson, 617/495 8312 or Christopher Jencks, 708/491 8724 orLisa Pullen, Assistant Public Affairs Director, 202/797 6105 PalatinoConventional wisdom asserts that the United States is witnessing asignificant expansion of its urban underclass, that chronically poorpercentage of the population inhabiting Americas central cities. Among the trends cited: An inevitable rise in the percentage of teenagers who are unmarried mothers, exploding welfare rolls, and legions ofhigh school dropouts consigned forever to joblessness. Yet none of theseperceptions is true, according to a new Brookings book, The UrbanUnderclass. Edited by Christopher Jencks of Northwestern University andPaul E. Peterson of Harvard, this set of essays attempts to separate thetruth about poverty, social dislocation and changes in American family lifefrom the myths that have become part of contemporary folklore. We will write a custom essay on The Urban Underclass: Challenging THe Myths ABout specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now According to a number of indicators the underclass is shrinking, writesPeterson in his introductory essay. A higher percentage of the minoritypopulation is receiving high school diplomas, a smaller percentage ofteenagers is having babies out of wedlock, both blacks and whites areexperiencing fewer crimes committed against them, and the use of drugs isdeclining. Perhaps it is not so much that the situation is deterioratingas that Americans social expectations are rising. The editors find that the most troublesome aspect of poverty, the rise inthe percentage of children living in poverty, is due to the rise in femaleheaded households and the decline in the earnings of young men. The UnitedStates has more children living in poverty than seven other industrializednations used for comparison. In 1987, University of Chicago sociologistWilliam Julius Wilson book, The Truly Disadvantaged presented systematicevidence of a growing concentration of the minority poor in large cities,economically and socially isolated from mainstream society. The Urban Underclass brings together 19 essays by sociologists,economists, political scientists, and policy analysts in a test of Wilsonstheories, as well as those in other recent works, including Charles Murray1984 book entitled Losing Ground. In his essay, editor Jencks shows thatpoverty rates declined from 1959 to 1974, but then progress stopped. Poverty has not become increasingly confined to blacks blacks constituted31% of the poor in 1988, the same percentage as in 1967. Black poverty has,however, become more urban, making it more visible to opinion leaders,Jencks writes. A Different Kind of Underclass Jencks finds that poverty hasnot increased, but has simply changed. The proportion of individuals withfamily incomes below the poverty line, which had fallen steadily from 1940to 1970, has not changed much since 1970, Jencks writes. Only the characterof poverty has changed. It has become less common among the elderly andmore common among children. Poverty has also become more concentratedamong families in which the head does not work regularly. He argues thatwhile some problems plaguing the poor male joblessness and increasingnumbers of single parent families have gotten worse, others such as welfaredependency and teen age pregnancy have gotten better. Jencks finds thatblacks, often seen as making up the underclass, constitu ted 45% of allwelfare recipients in 1969. By 1987, the percentage had fallen to 40%. .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .postImageUrl , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:hover , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:visited , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:active { border:0!important; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:active , .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc041e893d6dc4b776ee1cffb58d3e4ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Crucible: belonging ; exclusion (the other) EssayWhat has changed, Jencks writes, are the reasons for being poor. In 1968,74% of the poor had what Americans consider socially acceptable reasons oldage, physical disability, school enrollment and low hourly wages for beingimpoverished. This figure dropped to 54% in 1987, thus diminishing publicsympathy for the poor, he argues. The essays acknowledge the impact ofrecent changes in American society, particularly the increase in femaleheaded households during the past 20 years. The trend leaves too manychildren with impaired financial support, inadequate adult supervision andinstruction, compromised security, fewer alternat ives for establishingintergenerational relationships and fewer adult role models, writesPeterson. Additional essays in The Urban Underclass examine a wide range of issuesconcerning the poor, including the impact of economic change, theimportance of labor market conditions and patterns of segregation inresidential areas. Solving The Poverty ParadoxThe main issue, argues The Urban Underclass, is not so much a growth inthe size of the underclass as its persistence decades after PresidentJohnson launched the War on Poverty in 1964. The book suggests thatgreater efforts are needed to address the poverty paradox the persistenceof poverty in the most affluent society in the world. Peterson suggeststhat solutions to the problem of the underclass lie in a more integrated,comprehensive national welfare policy. Theda Skocpol of Harvard advocates universal family security programsincluding child support assurance, parental leave and health benefits thatwould apply to all groups and be paid for by the entire population. Robert Greenstein of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities calls fora mix of programs, ranging from universal health care to increased fundingfor targeted programs such as Head Start. Wilson concludes the book by elaborating on and extending his theories ofghetto poverty. He argues that solutions should place emphasis on raceneutral programs that would not only address the plight of thedisadvantaged among minorities, but would apply to all groups in America. The real challenge is to develop programs that not only meaningfullyaddress the problems of the underclass but that draw broad support, Wilsonwrites. Other contributors to the book include Richard B. Freeman; Paul Osterman;Marta Tienda and Haya Stier; Greg J. Duncan and Saul D. Hoffman; Robert D. Mare and Christopher Winship; Joleen Kirschenman and Kathryn M. Neckerman;Paul A. Jargowsky and Mary Jo Bane; Reynolds Farley; Jonathan Crane; SusanE. Mayer; James E. Rosenbaum and Susan J. Popkin; Jeffrey M. Berry, Kent E. Portney, and Ken Thompson; J. David Greenstone; Theda Skocpol; and RobertGreenstein. These essays were initially presented at a conference held at NorthwesternUniversity in October, 1989, that was sponsored by the Social ScienceResearch Council Committee For Research on the Urban Underclass, under agrant from the Rockefeller Foundation, and by Northwestern UniversityCenter For Urban Affairs and Policy Research. Christopher Jencks isprofessor of sociology and urban affairs at Northwestern University. Hisbooks include Who Gets Ahead (1979) Inequality (1972), and The AcademicRevolution (1967). Paul E. Peterson, former director of the GovernmentalStudies Program at Brookings, is the Henry Lee Shattuck Professor ofGovernment at Harvard University. Among his other Brookings publicationsare Welfare Magnets: A New Case for a National Standard (1990), Can theGovernment Govern? (1989), When Federalism Works (1987), and The New UrbanReality (1985). ___________________________________________________________________________The Urban Underclass, Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson, editors. Published April 1991. 450 pages. Paper (ISBN 0 8157 4605 9), $12.95, or cloth(ISBN 0 8157 4606 7), $34.95. ___________________________________________________________________________