AdBlue Fluid and Cleaner Diesel Emissions

AdBlue is the German brand name for a clear, non-toxic—though slightly corrosive to some metals—aqueous urea solution used to treat exhaust on  modern clean diesel engines. The generic name for a chemically equivalent solution used in the non-European market (predominantly North America) is Diesel Emissions Fluid (DEF). The primary use of AdBlue and similar DEFs is to be used in conjunction with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) converter to control oxides of nitrogen (NOx) diesel emissions. On average, NOx emissions are reduced by approximately 80 percent because of this process. How DEFs Work The AdBlue solution is comprised of 32.5 percent high purity urea diluted in distilled water and carried onboard the diesel vehicle in a special independent tank. Under the direction of the onboard computer and a NOx sensor, the fluid is pumped into the exhaust stream at the rate of 2 to 4 ounces to a gallon of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) consumed. There, in the hot exhaust stack, the urea solution is converted into ammonia (NH3) which reacts with NOx in the exhaust. The resulting chemical breakdown  and re-bonding of the constituent elements of each reactant produce plain nitrogen and water vapor instead of harmful oxides of nitrogen.   Standardized as Aqueous Urea Solution (AU) 32, the AdBlue solution is trademarked to German company the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA), but there  is a variety of other DEFs available on the American market including BlueTec by German automotive corporation Daimler AG and the Canadian version H2Blu. How and Where Is AdBlue Replenished? Refilling the AdBlue tank is  not a do-it-yourself task. Although it is possible to purchase the solution at the retail level, it is generally available only through a dealership or service shop. The systems are designed with a capacity of several gallons (seven to ten) which translates into several thousands of miles. Under normal vehicle operating conditions, the DEF tank needs to be refilled only during regularly scheduled maintenance. However, as of 2013, trucks and diesel engine cars have been created to allow users to refill their own DEF tanks. As a result, a number of truck stops and gas stations have begun offering a DEF pump next to the diesel fuel pump. You may even purchase small quantities—or order large containers for commercial use—to keep at home. Although safe to handle and non-toxic, AdBlue can eat through some metals. It is recommended that DEFs be stored at cool temperatures away from direct sunlight and moisture in a well-ventilated area. According to a Cummins Filtration report on the standard, AdBlue freezes at 12 degrees Fahrenheit, but the process of freezing and thawing does not degrade the product as the water in the urea  solution will freeze and thaw as the fluid does.

Introduction. A Resounding “Thank You” Is Directed Toward

Introduction A resounding â€Å"thank you† is directed toward former President, George W. Bush for mandating the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act in 2002, which consists of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) Initiative. CCSS is set of quality academic standards in math and English for grade levels K-12 that outlines what a student should have learned at the successful completion of each grade. Ultimately, the CCSS levels the learning field for students across America, regardless of social class, race, or disability by requiring all students to meet the same standards of quality education. Statement of the Problem The popularity of the CCSS falls onto a spectrum. One end favors the CCSS and is a part of the population that resides in†¦show more content†¦The Future of Education Looking forward, enforcing nationwide K-12 education standards will shrink the earning gap and increase the earning potential of everyday Americans. Those persons who cannot afford the luxury of college would be able to earn a livable wage with just a high school diploma because there will be job market opened for them. In contrast to today’s job market, where minimal a graduate degree is needed to gain competitive employment. The job market’s affinity to post-graduate degrees is a direct result of the lack of faith in the public school system. Employers do not believe that incoming recent high school graduates are prepared for the workforce. Current Issues in Education High-stakes Testing Test-based accountability systems, the application of tests to hold individuals or institutions accountable for achievement and to reward accomplishment, have transformed into the cornerstone of United States federal education policy. 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The Writing Process Essay - 608 Words

The Writing Process Writing a paper on the writing process is pretty hard. The writing process is different from one person to another. You come across questions like, What exactly is the writing process?; and Must you follow one persons writing process if yours is different?; This is where I came across the answer to my questions, write however you wish to write. If one person likes free write first and another person likes to write a draft first, let them do how they please. The writing process is something that you figure out yourself as you go through school. I personally think that is why they make us take English for so many years. Through the years, I found that some teachers forced you to write certain ways. I believe that†¦show more content†¦I dont agree with him. The only way for someone to improve his or her writing is if a peer reads over it and explains what could be done to improve it. In The Makers Eye: Revising Your Own Manuscript, Murray says, Writers must learn to be their own worst enemy; (Murray 87). He is trying to say that when it comes to editing, you must be able to accept criticism from others and be suspicious of it. Just because they say that you should rearrange that paragraph doesnt necessarily mean you have to. The way you wrote the paragraph could be in your own voice. Your papers should be filled with your voice. Voice is what makes your writing personal. But your voice could be different depending on what you write about. I would put a lot more of my feelings in a paper about food, than a paper about how the polar ice caps are melting. Revising and rewriting a paper is a common step in the writing process. Personally, I think your paper would be crap if you skipped these steps but Im sure someone has done it before. Every writer has revised and rewritten a paper. Do you think that Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in one shot? I dont think so. 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John Maynard Keynes free essay sample

Biographical account of John Maynard Keynes. This paper talks about the life of John Maynard Keynes. It also discuss some parts of the Keynesian era and his theories of the economy. John Maynard Keynes was born in 1883 and died in 1946. He was one of the greatest economists. John changed the way of the post war economic policy and he was the only one that had a whole branch of economic named after him. Keynes was a political activist and he was always devising schemes and programs. Keynes view of the world was It is not true that individuals posses a prescriptive natural liberty in their economic activities. There is no compact conferring perpetual rights on those who have or on those who acquire the world in not so governed from above that private and social interest always coincide. It is not a correct deduction from the principle of economics that enlighten self-interest always operates in the public interest. We will write a custom essay sample on John Maynard Keynes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nor is it true that self interest generally is enlighten, more often individuals acting separately to promote their own ends are to ignorant or weak to attain even these (Minsky 149).