Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM

Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM Introduction It has always been said that an organization is as good as its employees. This is because employees play a critical role in meeting the short term and long-term goals and objectives of an organization as all organization present in the world are mission driven.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation is a concept that many managers have put in place to boost the performance of their employees. This concept aims at boosting the morale of employees at the work place. This paper shall therefore focus on the goals of motivation, motivational theories, and measurement of the outcome of motivation. Goals for Motivation The first goal that I would like my team to achieve because of motivation is to make all the team members to boost organizational morale. Giving employees rewards and incentives will make them feel part and parcel of the o rganization. Additionally, a favorable environment for work shall be developed. This will in turn increase their loyalty and morale of work. Therefore, it will be much easier for my team to achieve the set goals and objectives of the project. The second goal that I would like to achieve via a motivational program is boosting the productivity of the team members of my project. The rewards and incentives given to employees boost their productivity in a number of ways. This includes time management, quality of work, consumer satisfaction, dedication of work and meeting of deadlines.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, with incentives in place, team members will work hard to achieve the overall goals and objectives of the project hence ensuring its success in the long run. The third goal of motivation is the development of team spirit. Achieving success as a team is much easier than through individual effort. Thus, to ensure that team members work together to achieve the goals and objectives of the project, incentives that shall be earned only as a team shall be put in place. This will ensure that team member cooperate together to perform their respective tasks. Reduction of operation costs is the fourth goal of motivation. With motivational incentives in place, absenteeism and employee turnover shall be reduced. This will result in increased performance, return on investment and reduction in recruitment costs. Finally, with an effective and efficient motivation program, the goals and objectives of the project shall be achieved at ease. This is because the employees are dedicated to their work. Motivation Theories Several theories have been developed to explain the concept of motivation. According to the goal setting theory, it is believed that individuals often prefer to work within a given path to achieve a definite end result (Reisner, 2002) . This is the overall goal. The behavior change model on the other hand lays emphasis on motivation and volition. In this theory, motivation is viewed as an incentive of triggering behavioral intentions while volition transforms the intention into a behavioral action (Reisner, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Goals for Motivation Employees in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the theory of unconscious motivation states that individuals are driven to some extent by motives that arise from the unconscious mind (Reisner, 2002). Motivation Measurement Motivation can be measured using a number of tools. However, the most effective tool is the by using the expectancy theory model. This theory can only be put in practice in an environment where people put effort and expect to be rewarded in turn (Fellner, 2001). Thus, to measure the effect of motivation, the following considerations are put in place: Rel ationship between effort and productivity Relationship between productivity and results The value of the results in an individual and the organization at large Conclusion Motivation is an essential factor to the success of an organization. However, the theories and models that an organization adopts should conform to its nature of operation and yield the desired results. This is essential in the achievement of the goals and objectives of an organization. References Fellner, R. (2001). How to Measure Motivation. Web. Reisner, R. (2002). From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18 (3), 19-31Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Tips for Writing Broadcast News Copy

Tips for Writing Broadcast News Copy The idea behind news writing is pretty simple: keep it short and to the point. Everyone writing for a newspaper or website knows this. But that idea gets taken to a new level with it comes to writing copy for radio or television broadcasts. There are lots of tips for broadcast news writing that make the job a little easier. Keep It Simple Newspaper reporters who want to show off their writing style occasionally insert a fancy word into a story. That just doesnt work in broadcast news writing. Broadcast copy must be as simple as possible. Remember, viewers arent reading what youre writing, theyre hearing it. People watching TV or listening to the radio generally dont have time to check a dictionary. So keep your sentences simple and use basic, easily understood words. If you find youve put a longer word in a sentence, replace it with a shorter one. Example: Print: The physician conducted an extensive autopsy on the decedent.Broadcast: The doctor did an autopsy on the body. Keep It Short Generally, sentences in broadcast copy should be even shorter than those found in print articles. Why? Shorter sentences are more easily understood than long ones. Also, remember that broadcast copy must be read out loud. If you write a sentence thats too long, the news anchor will be gasping for breath just to finish it. Individual sentences in broadcast copy should be short enough to be easily read in one breath. Example: Print: President Barack Obama and congressional Democrats sought to ease Republican complaints about a massive economic stimulus plan Friday, meeting with GOP leaders in the White House and promising to consider some of their recommendations.Broadcast: President Barack Obama met with Republican leaders in Congress today. The Republicans arent happy with Obamas big economic stimulus plan. Obama says hell consider their ideas. Keep It Conversational Many sentences found in newspaper stories simply sound stilted and unwieldy when theyre read out loud. Use a conversational style in your broadcast writing. Doing so will make it sound more like real speech, as opposed to a script someone is reading. Example: Print: Pope Benedict XVI joined U.S. President Barack Obama and Queen Elizabeth II on Friday by launching his own YouTube channel, the latest Vatican effort to reach out to the digital generation.Broadcast: President Obama has a Youtube channel. So does Queen Elizabeth. Now Pope Benedict has one, too. The pope wants to use the new channel to reach out to young people. Use One Main Idea per Sentence Sentences in newspaper stories sometimes contain several ideas, usually in clauses that are broken up by commas. But in broadcast writing, you really shouldnt put more than one main idea in each sentence. Why not? You guessed it - put more than one main idea per sentence and that sentence will be too long. Example: Print: Gov. David Paterson appointed Democratic U.S. Rep. Kirsten Gillibrand on Friday to fill New Yorks vacant Senate seat, finally settling on a woman from a largely rural, eastern district of the state to replace Hillary Rodham Clinton.Broadcast: Gov. David Paterson has appointed Democratic Congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand to fill New Yorks vacant Senate seat. Gillibrand is from a rural part of the state. She will replace Hillary Rodham Clinton. Use the Active Voice Sentences written in the active voice just naturally tend to be shorter and more to-the-point than those written in the passive voice. Example: Passive: The robbers were arrested by police.Active: Police arrested the robbers. Use a Lead-In Sentence Most broadcast news stories start with a lead-in sentence that is fairly general. Broadcast news writers do this to alert viewers that a new story is being presented, and to prepare them for the information that is to follow. Example: Theres more bad news today from Iraq. Note that this sentence doesnt say very much. But again, it lets the viewer know that the next story is going to be about Iraq. The lead-in sentence almost serves as a kind of headline for the story. Heres an example of a broadcast news item. Note the use of a lead-in line, short, simple sentences, and a conversational style. Theres more bad news from Iraq. Four U.S. soldiers were killed in an ambush outside Baghdad today. The Pentagon says the soldiers were hunting insurgents when their Humvee came under sniper fire. The Pentagon hasnt yet released the soldiers names. Put Attribution at the Start of the Sentence Print news stories usually put the attribution, the source of the information, at the end of the sentence. In broadcast news writing, we put them at the beginning. Example: Print: Two men were arrested, police said.Broadcast: Police say two men were arrested. Leave out Unnecessary Details Print stories tend to include a lot of details that we just dont have time for in the broadcast. Example: Print: After robbing the bank, the man drove approximately 9.7 miles before being apprehended, police said.Broadcast: Police say the man robbed the bank, then drove nearly 10 miles before he was caught. Sources Associated Press, The. Rep. Gillibrand gets Clintons Senate seat. NBC News, January 23, 2009. Associated Press, The. Vatican launches Pope YouTube channel. CTV News, January 23, 2009. jengibson. Simplifying Print Writing. Course Hero, 2019. What makes good broadcast writing? StudyLib, 2019.

Article about Understanding Portraits Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Understanding Portraits - Article Example I believe these similarities invoke the differences, and that if taken together these three images could be interpreted to show the development of the same subject across different stages of life. As mentioned above, I feel that these portraits could easily have a meaningful relationship to each other. I imagine that they are of the same subject, but depicted at very different ages in life. There are two parallel structures that progress together: the age of the person depicted and the complexity of the elements used in composing the portraits. The first portrait, image forty-three depicts a very young child in the arms of his or her mother. The identity of the child is hidden by the lack of detail in the simple line drawing – there is little to give a face or an identity. The second image, image twenty, differs from the first in both compositional complexity and age. It depicts a young man, fifteen or more years older than the baby depicted in image forty-three, but when disp layed together invoking the aging process and making the viewer inherently think that the child in image forty-three might have aged into the man in image twenty. The visual complexity also takes a noticeable jump. While sketch-like elements still remain the form and features of the face have jumped drastically in sharpness, and the shading has moved from a simple check-box and line technique to a blended approach where the shading darkens gradually. In this imagined narrative the third portrait, portrait six, takes another jump in age of the subject. It shows the young man aged into a gnarled, lined old man, who despite his age retains the certain light of the eye from the more youthful portrait. While age here takes its largest leap between the three portraits, visual complexity also takes its largest leap. The overall tone of the composition darkens making the points of light shining off the subject’s eyes forehead and aged white hair become more pronounced. The shading al so reaches its apex with entirely fluid transitions from light to dark through the folds of the old man’s face. If I were to arrange these items on a wall I would depict them in the order described, forty-three first, then twenty, then six. This arrangement makes the most sense for several reasons. The first is that the aging narrative makes the most sense in this format; the viewer, seeing three images in somewhat the same style and the same medium of a child, a young man and an old man naturally connects the three into an aging narrative. The second reason for laying these portraits out in this way is that the increase in visual complexity mirrors that of the aging process, which is evocative in several ways. One of the most interesting things about this portrait layout to me is how the narrative of artistic and stylistic progress is juxtaposed to the aging narrative also contained in these images. Moving from the first to the second narrative, one sees a child becoming a m an, and the increase in stylistic mirrors the aging process exactly – the child becomes beautiful, fully grown and powerful, mirroring the new more robust art. The narrative changes, however, moving from the second to the third portrait. In this movement one sees the artistic quality increase apace with a far more robust set of abilities and a more complex composition. The

Lifestyle Changes of American Slaves between 1700s and 1800s Research Paper

Lifestyle Changes of American Slaves between 1700s and 1800s - Research Paper Example Slavery in America is divided into two periods; 1650-1790 and 1790-1865. Slaves were from Africa where they were captured after being enticed with sweets especially in the case of children or through collaboration with local chiefs who gave out their subjects to slave traders. Historical lives and changes in 1700s Since slaves were drawn from different parts of the African continent into a strange environmental setting, several if not all, faced hardships in adapting to the new world of different social, cultural and political phenomena. Though some fought to maintain their earlier ancestral lifestyle from their native land, this wasn’t possible in the circumstances of their status of slavery as they had to accept the lifestyle of their masters (learnnc.org). Economic It is important to note that the slaves were shipped to work for their masters and therefore lacked enough time to develop or to engage in their own economic activities. Their lives were incredibly difficult and those who worked in plantations had to labor from sunrise to sunset without exception of the old or young, all worked for this long period of time. It was considered an act of kindness if a master gave his slaves a day off from work. Popular holidays like Christmas were equally infrequent in the lives of salves. In their rare free times, slaves engaged in activities of fishing or cultivating small piece of land in order to supplement what was given by the masters that was usually poor in quality. As earlier stated, it was the duty of the master to clothe these servants however, some gave inadequate clothing and this compelled the slaves to go an extra mile and sew their own clothes in the dark covers of the night. Political In their native land of Africa, slaves were organized into powerful kingdoms and other political units of governance, however, upon shipment to America their masters could not allow them to be in such organizations for the fear of being overpowered. They were not also allowed to engage in the political activities of their masters such as voting. Laws were made against them without their participation; slave trials were done in a separate court from those of their masters and were sentenced by such courts without trial. Social On their social aspect of life, they sheltered in small houses with cracks on the walls and dirty floors. Some who got injured in the plantation fields were not immediately taken to hospitals or given medication leading to many deaths. Their masters never allowed them to engage in social activities such as traditional dances, games and social groupings. The primary concern of the masters was productivity in the plantation but never cared about health or comfort of these servants. In some American states, slaves were not allowed to marry without their master’s consent and family members were dispersed to various parts of the country to avoid ever tracing trace one another. Historical lives and changes in 1800s As opposed to the events and relations witnessed between the salves and their masters at beginning of slave trade, during the later period of 1800s, remarkable changes occurred in the lives

Facebook and Privacy Essay Example for Free

Facebook and Privacy Essay Ex-Apple Engineer, Peter Warden, has collected public fan page data from 215 million Facebook pages, revealing current trends, such as ‘God’ being the number one most popular fan page among Facebook users in the Southern U. S. , whereas ‘Barack Obama’ featured heavily for San Francisco users, and ‘Starbucks’ was number one in Idaho. Warden plans to release this data to the academic community because he sees great potential in the data that can be extracted from these sites. This process is called data harvesting. The article suggests future academic work in  this area is likely to occu impacting on peoples privacy. (FACTS 100 words) Response: The ETHICAL issue central to this article is privacy and control. On one hand, Warden claims his intentions are altruistic (helpful to others) and that the data he is making visible here is a matter of public discourse. However, the FACTS are that individual users who are generating this data have neither been consulted about the data collection nor have they given permission for Warden to use it. Clearly Warden does not VALUE others peoples privacy as much as he WANTS (emotion) to create the website. The argument could be made that once a user ‘becomes a fan’ of a page on Facebook or, indeed, publishes any content to the internet, that information becomes public. User who have deployed privacy settings to carefully maintain a strong sense of control over their profiles, however, might well feel very ANGRY about this use of their data. Facebook can harvest that data (and does, for targeted advertising purposes) because they have a commitment to those advertisers (emotion)and engineers like Warden can develop data-trawling engines to collect accessible information across a massive dataset. The LAW needs to be much clearer about the rights of consumers, companies and advertisers in these situations. As Facebook is presumably bound by its own set of critically considered ETHICAL guidelines, these are neverthess underpinned by commercial VALUES and a vested interest (emotion) in keeping the data of its users from competitors. Warden claims to be operating under his own set of ethics that privilege (value) the furthering of knowledge. The issue then shifts to the academic community. Warden contends that one of his central motivations for collecting this data was so  that he could share it with the academic community. Although this claim may be true, most (if not, all) Universities have clear ETHICAL guidelines for research that explicitly VALUE and therefore require consent from participants. If none of the users gave consent for their data to be collected in this way, this in effect denies them a sense of AGENCY. Thus, academically, this data is tainted. While its implications are important the trends it makes visible are crucial to understanding the localised structures of social network sites like Facebook. Personally, I would  believe people should be able to tick a box that gives consent for the use of their personal material. I do not believe, either, that it should be one of those boxes you are obliged to tick before being able to use a site: that removes my personal AGENCY and I VALUE this very much. It should be up to me to decide whether other people get my data. If this sort of system was in place, everyone would know the FACTS, everyone would understand what is going on and no one would feel (emotion) betrayed or exposed unfairly. (463 words) Animal Research Link: http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v1n3/cures. html Objective summary:

Confucius Essay -- essays research papers

Confucius became famous as a sage, or wise man, of China during the Age of Philosophers. His Five Classics have influenced the civilizations of most of eastern Asia. Confucius was born in the state of Lu when local rulers refused to pay homage to the emperor of a failing Chou dynasty. Confucius hated the disorder that ensued and looked back on a time when things like that were not even thought of. He studied the teachings of the sage’s whose teachings and influences had made China one whole nation at one time. He decided that he was the one who should restore the faith and practices of the old emperors and wise men. Since Confucius was not able to gain an official position in China, he spent most of his life teaching a core group of disciples. The main idea of Confucius’ philosophy was to provide rules and traditions for every conceivable situation in every day life. He was concerned with all the misery in the world, and he hoped that making men noble would bring about a noble world. Confucius’ ideas of being benevolent to one’s fellow man, closely following set rituals, and acting in a manner proper and befitting one’s social class became the state followed ideology during the Han dynasty.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When studying the religion and philosophy of Confucius, one must have a clear understanding of the books he wrote. The Five Classics were from the period preceding the Warring States Period. They were brought together and edited by the members of Confucius’ original school. Once Confucianism was made China’s official philosophy, a person had to study these five books in order to gain a prized governmental position. Saying that there are only five classics is a bit of a misstatement. There are five classics and an extra book written by Confucius that is usually lumped in with the traditional Five Classics. That book is Lunyu, or The Analects. The Analects is a collection of little bits of wisdom that Confucius gave his disciples. However, the book is not a comprehensive “bible'; of Confucianism. It is a collection of quotations, anecdotes, and wisdoms. Due to this fact, Confucianism, at least according to Confucius, is open to interpretation. The Analects is still an interesting book, in that it provides a direct view of the thoughts and feelings of Confucius. T... ...e and control the world about him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius taught that when patterns on earth match those of Heaven, the spiritual beings of Heaven can be brought to earth and made to help man. All the spirits and specters of Heaven could be drawn out by earthly virtue to enact the beneficiary duties their realm imposed on them. These spirits were believed to do such things as keep rivers flowing, winds blowing and bringing rain that was needed by farmers. In turn, the farmers, following the established Confucian code of conduct, gave tithes to their overlords. This allowed the overlords to provide arts, education, and entertainment.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people dispute the success of Confucianism. Technically, Confucianism failed. But only during the lifetime of its creator. During his life, Confucius only gathered a few followers. After his death, these followers passed on his teachings, wisdom, and love for rituals and the tradition survived. It survived all the way to the Han dynasty when it became the official Chinese philosophy. From then on, it was firmly established in Chinese culture and its effects and value systems can still be seen today.

Different Business Structures

There are many types of organisational structure a business may decide to adopt. This assignment will examine the four main different business structures and present the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The business structures that I will be examining are as follows: A sole trader is an organisation, which is owned by one person. The assets and liabilities of the owner and those of the business are the same. There are no legal or tax distinctions between the owner and business. This type of business is straightforward to set up and dissolve. It requires the minimal legal requirements and costs. The owner can make all the decisions and can retain all the profits. He owns all the assets of the business. The owner can draw or invest funds into or out of the business, as he deems necessary. Business losses can be offset against other income, including claw back of past pay as you earn (PAYE). As the sole trader is self-employed, he is able to defer Income Tax and reduce his National Insurance contributions. The owner†s personal assets can be transferred to a spouse (or any other relative). However, the assets may be required to be returned by the court if it is satisfied that they were transferred to defeat creditors that were owed money. There is no legal requirement to have the accounts and records audited. No public disclosure of accounts and records is necessary, unless the business is registered for Value Added Tax (VAT). There is no requirement to register for VAT unless the taxable supplies to customers is equal to, or exceeds, the registration level. The registration level is currently ? 50,000 for a twelve-month period). The main disadvantage for being a sole trader is the unlimited liability factor. The sole trader is putting at risk his entire personal fortune including his house, car and any other personal assets in his possession that are outside the business. This is because there is no distinction between the individual (the owner) and the business. The law does not recognise the business as an artificial person (unlike a company,) and the business therefore, does not receive the benefits that would be attached if it were. If the business does become bankrupt, the owner may loose his personal fortune to pay the debts of the business. It is also true that if the sole trader becomes bankrupt, the business cannot legally continue. There are no additional funds available from equity investment by persons outside the business (third parties). This therefore, limits the businesses† growth potential. The transfer of ownership is not very flexible and the owner can only sell assets. All of the profits from the business are taxes as personal income, whether they have been retained within the business or taken out. Although self-employment reduces the National Insurance contributions payable, it also reduces the benefits of the National Insurance entitlements. The tax relief on pension contributions is restricted. If any property is transferred to the spouse it is lost to the sole trader if the marriage breaks and the spouse refuses to give it up. If the owner dies, the business comes to an end and the executives in charge of his affairs either sell it as a going concern or sell the assets individually. This is easy to set up and dissolve. There are no legal requirements to audit the accounts. No public access to the accounts ensures confidentiality. Any business losses can be offset against other income. Can be converted to a limited company at a later stage. Benefits of self-employment for income tax and National Insurance. Can attract more capital by admitting new partners, however, each partner has the right to veto the introduction of the new partner. Can get credit easily because supplies are not at risk as it is the partners who are taking the risks. A partnership can sue (and be sued) in its own name even though it is not an artificial person. Can change s19 of the Partnership Act 1890, but all partners must agree (s24 of the Partnership Act 1890). Can change provision of the 1890 Act e. g. s24 – profit and losses shared equally, but partners may provide for a different share (e. g. ?: ? rofit liability) in their agreement. If no evidence of split, their split will be equal. Every partner has legal access to inspect and copy firms books s24 (9) Partnerships Act 1890. Differing salaries may be given to partners before surplus profit is split. No doctrine of ultra vires and partnership may engage in any lawful activity as the partners† see fit. Able to access knowledge and experience of the partners. Limited to maximum of 20 people by Companies Act 1985, some professions are exempt and can have partnerships of unlimited size (e. g. solicitors, accountants, estate agents, stock brokers). Partnerships are jointly and severally liable for debts. Liability extends to private assets/personal fortune. Bankruptcy of partnership equals bankruptcy of all partners (excluding limited partners under the Limited Partners Act 1907). If a partner dies, his estate may still be liable for the businesses debts. Unless specific continuation provisions are made in the agreement, death, bankruptcy or retirement will dissolve the partnership. Less flexibility than a limited company, in transferring ownership. High level of trust required. Whether drawn or not, the profits are taxed as income. Self-employed national insurance entitlements have less benefits. Tax relief on pension contributions is restricted. Partners can be sued individually, or together by a creditor that has not been paid. However remaining partners must buy out the share of the deceased, bankrupt or retiring partner and it may be difficult to raise the necessary funds. The Business Names Act 1985 requires the names of all the members of a partnership and addresses in Great Britain where documents can be served, must be stated at all business premises so they can be easily read. Also all names must go on letterheads/documents. If more than 20 partners, the firm may elect to have a statement on letterheads/documents of the firms† principle place of business with indication that the partners† names can be inspected there. Partnership will be in contract if a partner without the relevant authority binds them to it (apparent (ostensible) authority). The partnership is bankrupt if all the partners are also bankrupt (excluding a limited partner under the Limited Partnership Act 1907. There are many factors that are the same for a LTD and a PLC so these will be covered first and then the individual factors will be looked at later. The company is considered by law as an artificial legal person and has an independent legal and tax status. Therefore it can sue and be sued in its own name. As the company is independent of its members, there is limited liability for its shareholders who just risk the amounts invested. Unlike a sole trader and a partnership, the company owns the assets. The death or bankruptcy of a member does not affect the company, which has perpetual succession. Also, the members do not go bankrupt if the company is being wound up. To provide funds for the company shares are issued, which can have different classes and rights (e. g. preference shares and equity shares). Only company directors can bind the company. There is no upper limit restricting the number of members a company can have. A company has a greater facility for borrowing (e. g. it can borrow on debentures) and raising finance externally. The formalised structures make management clearer. It is easier to widen the ownership base. There are no limits regarding contributions made to a pension scheme with tax relief. Income tax is only paid on salaries drawn. When profits are retained in the company the higher rates of personal tax can be avoided. It is very time consuming and expensive to set up as a company. There is a complex registration – registering under the Companies Acts, documents must be delivered to the Registrar of Companies and there are many related fees. The companies must conform to the relevant formalities of the Companies Act 1985. There are many requirements concerning factors such as the accounts and records, audits, share issues, directors requirements etc. The accounts and records must be made accessible to the public so competitors will have access to them. Company subject to regulation and suspension from secretary of state for trade and industry, the courts and the registrar of companies – certain accounts records to be submitted to ROC – less of confidentiality. Audit and account costs high, full audit costs if sales exceed an upper limit. Shareholders personally taxed on dividends. Double tax when company pays corporation tax on profits and capital gains. Higher national insurance contribution. Limited liability initially as creditors and banks request personal guarantees from directors. Private Limited Company (LTD company) Has no minimum value required for the allotted share capital. Can on receipt of its certificate of incorporation limited can borrow and commence business. A LTD company needs only one director and one shareholder. There is less legislation than PLC to comply with. A member can appoint only one proxy who can vote and address the meeting. Can provide financial assistance to a person to help them purchase the companies shares. It is optional for a LTD to pay dividends. A LTD company can not sell shares or debentures to the public. Has to publish accounts but gets partial exemption from publishing the full accounts, if they are bellow an upper limit. The company secretary is not required to be qualified or experienced, so there may be a lack of knowledge. Share holders can not easily sell shares due to the lack of a market and Articles of association restrictions on transfer. The Public Limited Company (PLC company) Raise capital by selling shares and debentures to the public. Needs 2 directors and 2 share holders (unless registered before 1st Nov 1929). A member can appoint more than 1 proxy who can vote but can not address meetings. The secretary must be qualified and posses the requisite knowledge and experience. Public scrutiny over accounts aids performance and efficiency. Large market for shares. No restriction on share transfer on stock exchange, USM and AIM but must keep track of who has shares. Encourages investment into company by share ownership by paying dividends. Can be exempt from the statutory requirement to have its year end accounts audited. Has legal requirement concerning allotted share capital – must be equal or greater than fifty thousand pounds. Can not exercise its borrowing powers or enter business transactions until the registrar has granted it a section 117 certificate. High degree of legislation, rule and formalities it must conform to, e. g. directors retiring at 70 years of age, minimum of 2 directors, voting for directors individually at a general meeting, share allotment. Must publish its accounts in full. Can not give financial assistance to a person to enable him to purchase the companies shares.